Kirjahaku

Of all Russian writers, Chekhov is one of the best liked and most easily appreciated. Yet he is also one of the most elusive. Here Donald Rayfield reveals the layers of meaning on which the great dramatist's stories and plays are built. He examines his brief twenty-year creative life, from medical student supplementing his income by writing comic stories to his rapid rise as the father of twentieth-century drama and narrative prose. Understanding Chekhov is enriched by revelations from previously unexplored archival material, which deepen our understanding of Chekhov's sources, preoccupations, philosophy, and his relations with theater, with fellow writers, and with contemporary ideas.

The first comprehensive and objective history of the literature of Georgia, revealed to be unique among those of the former Byzantine and Russian empires, both in its quality and its 1500 years' history. It is examined in the context of the extraordinarily diverse influences which affected it - from Greek and Persian to Russian and modern European literature, and the folklore of the Caucasus.

The description 'definitive' is too easily used, but Donald Rayfield's biography of Chekhov merits it unhesitatingly. To quote no less an authority than Michael Frayn:'With question the definitive biography of Chekhov, and likely to remain so for a very long time to come. Donald Rayfield starts with the huge advantage of much new material that was prudishly suppressed under the Soviet regime, or tactfully ignored by scholars. But his mastery of all the evidence, both old and new - a massive archive - is magisterial, his background knowledge of the period is huge; his Russian is sensitive to every colloquial nuance of the day, and his tone is sure. He captures a likeness of the notoriously elusive Chekhov which at last begins to seem recognisably human - and even more extraordinary.'Chekhov's life was short, he was only forty-four when he died, and dogged with ill-health but his plays and short stories assure him of his place in the literary pantheon. Here is a biography that does him full justice, in short, unapologetically to repeat that word 'definitive'.'I don't remember any monograph by a Western scholar on a Russian author having such success. . . Nikita Mikhalkov said that before this book came out we didn't know Chekhov. . . The author doesn't invent, add or embellish anything . . . Rayfield is motivated by the Westerner's urge not ot hold information back, however grim it may be.' Anatoli Smelianski, Director of Moscow Arts Theatre School 'It is hard to imagine another book about Chekhov after this one by Donald Rayfield.' Arthur Miller, Sunday Times 'Donald Rayfield's exemplary biography draws on a daunting array of material inacessible or ignored by his predecessors.' Nikolai Tolstoy, The Literary Review'Donald Rayfield, Chekhov's best and definitive biographer.' William Boyd, Guardian

The great Russian explorer Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-1888) made an indelible contribution to the world's atlases, and its store of zoological and botanical knowledge, as a consequence of his four arduous and dangerous expeditions through the Central Asia of Western Mongolia, Eastern Turkestan and Northern Tibet. Donald Rayfield's biography of Przhevalsky - first published in 1976 and drawing on the exporer's diaries, letters, and published works - tells the thrilling story of the explorer's groundbreaking journeys, undertaken in an age of extreme political sensitivity between Russia, China and Britain. A rich portrait emerges of an extraordinary Byronic character who was ill-suited to civilisation but much at home with the loneliness and hardship of the nomadic life. A rigorous army officer and a phenomenal shot, gifted also with a photographic memory, Przhevalsky became one of the most widely-admired men in Russia, and Rayfield adroitly explores the grounds of his reputation.

The first comprehensive and objective history of the literature of Georgia, revealed to be unique among those of the former Byzantine and Russian empires, both in its quality and its 1500 years' history. It is examined in the context of the extraordinarily diverse influences which affected it - from Greek and Persian to Russian and modern European literature, and the folklore of the Caucasus.

Georgia is the most Western-looking state in today's Near or Middle East and, despite having one of the longest, most turbulent histories in the Christian or Near Eastern world, no proper history of the country has been written for decades. Donald Rayfield redresses this balance in Edge of Empires, focusing not merely on the post-Soviet era, like many other books on Georgia, but on the whole of its history, accessing a mass of new material from the country's recently opened archives. The book begins with the first intimations of the existence of Georgians in ancient Anatolia and ends with today's volatile President Saakashvili. It deals not only with the country's internal politics, but with its complex struggles with the empires which have tried to control, fragment or even exterminate the country. All the world's history - Xenophon's Greeks, the Arabs, the invading Turks, the Crusades, Chingiz Khan and Timur Lang, the Persian empire, the Russian empire, Soviet totalitarianism - is reflected in Georgia's history. Donald Rayfield describes Georgia's swings between disintegration and unity, making full use of primary sources, many not available before in an English-language book. He examines the history of a country which, though small, stands at a crossroads between Russia and the Muslim world, between Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and is a dramatic example of state-building and, also, of tragic political mistakes.

Georgia is the most Western-looking state in today’s Near or Middle East and, despite having one of the longest, most turbulent histories in the Christian or Near Eastern world, no proper history of the country has been written for decades. Eminent historian Donald Rayfield redresses this balance in Edge of Empires, focusing not merely on the post-Soviet era, like many other books on Georgia, but on the whole of its history, accessing a mass of new material from the country’s recently opened archives.Rayfield describes Georgia’s swings between disintegration and unity, making full use of primary sources, many not available before in an English-language book. He examines the history of a country which, though small, stands at a crossroads between Russia and the Muslim world, between Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and is a dramatic example of state-building and, also, of tragic political mistakes.

The Crimean Tatars were the Turkic-speaking native peoples of Crimea who established a powerful khanate in the 1440s, which remained in power until 1783. In this, the first history in English for over 100 years, eminent scholar Donald Rayfield shows that this misunderstood and much-feared nation was in fact a flourishing state with a vibrant literary culture, religious tolerance, a sophisticated constitution and a prosperous economy. Rayfield’s book describes the establishment of the khanate, its reign and its eventual fall, concluding with a vivid portrayal of the Tatars’ ruthless suppression – first by Russia and then the Soviet Union – and the final, effectively genocidal, invasion under Vladimir Putin.This vibrant and ultimately tragic chronicle is essential reading for anyone interested in the background to the current war in Ukraine.

Uncle Vania is Chekhov's best loved and perhaps his best composed play, yet this is the first book to be solely devoted to it in any language. Donald Rayfield brings his twenty years of research and writing and a century of others' critical studies to focus on Chekhov's art. He offers a close reading and interpretation of the play, paying special attention to the way in which it evolved from its prototype, the rarely performed comedy The Wood Demon.This study of Chekhov's emergence as a dramatist of genius will be invaluable to students of drama, for here, for the first time, we can watch as a playwright turns failure into success and thus learn technical secrets of his art.

"Tri goda, provedennye v poiskakh, rasshifrovke i osmyslenii dokumentov, ubedili menja v tom, chto nichego v etikh arkhivakh ne mozhet ni diskreditirovat, ni oposhlit Chekhova. Rezultat kak raz obratnyj: slozhnost i glubina figury pisatelja stanovjatsja esche bolee ochevidnymi, kogda my okazyvaemsja sposobny objasnit ego chelovecheskie dostoinstva i nedostatki" - takova pozitsija avtora knigi, izvestnogo britanskogo literaturoveda, professora Londonskogo universiteta Donalda Rejfilda. Unikalnoe po svoej masshtabnosti biograficheskoe issledovanie predstavljaet soboj ischerpyvajuschee zhizneopisanie Antona Pavlovicha Chekhova. Napisannoe legko i neprinuzhdenno i v to zhe vremja akademichno, ono javljaetsja nastojaschej sensatsiej. V nastojaschee izdanie vpervye vkljuchena glava "V poiskakh docheri Chekhova" - rezultat novykh mnogoletnikh issledovanij imenitogo avtora.

"Tri goda, provedennye v poiskakh, rasshifrovke i osmyslenii dokumentov, ubedili menja v tom, chto nichego v etikh arkhivakh ne mozhet ni diskreditirovat, ni oposhlit Chekhova. Rezultat kak raz obratnyj: slozhnost i glubina figury pisatelja stanovjatsja eschjo bolee ochevidnymi, kogda my okazyvaemsja sposobny objasnit ego chelovecheskie dostoinstva i nedostatki" - takova pozitsija avtora knigi, izvestnogo britanskogo literaturoveda, professora Londonskogo universiteta Donalda Rejfilda. Unikalnoe po svoej masshtabnosti biograficheskoe issledovanie predstavljaet soboj ischerpyvajuschee zhizneopisanie Antona Pavlovicha Chekhova. Napisannoe legko i neprinuzhdjonno i v to zhe vremja akademichno, ono javljaetsja nastojaschej sensatsiej. V nastojaschee izdanie vpervye vkljuchena glava "V poiskakh docheri Chekhova" - rezultat novykh mnogoletnikh issledovanij imenitogo avtora.Donald Rejfild - izvestnyj britanskij literaturoved i istorik, pochetnyj professor kolledzha Korolevy Marii Londonskogo universiteta, avtor bestsellera "Zhizn Antona Chekhova", knigi "Stalin i ego podruchnye", glavnyj redaktor fundamentalnogo "Polnogo gruzinsko-anglijskogo slovarja"; doktor filosofii, okonchil Magdalene kolledzh Kembridzha, spetsializiruetsja na russkoj literature kontsa XIX - serediny XX v., gruzinskoj literature, folklore i leksikologii, lichnosti Stalina i stalinizme. Svobodno vladeet russkim i gruzinskim jazykami.

This work is designed to enhance the understanding of those who read Chekhov's stories or watch his plays. It reveals the levels of meaning and intention, the interpretations that author, reader, theatre director or critic can make, and brings out Chekhov's many connections to European prose and drama. It is a systematic study, in chronological order, showing how Chekhov was formed by his own literary models and cultural background. It places stories and plays in context with each other as well as with Chekhov's reading and his public's and publishers' expectations. Early work receives special attention as the crucible in which later fiction is smelted; each of the major plays has a chapter devoted to it. Chekhov's own elusive intentions are elucidated, as well as the critical reactions of his contemporaries and of posterity. This study concentrates on Chekhov's innovations in both the story and in drama: the use of inconsequentiality, the avoidance of denouements, non-verbal effects (eg. smell and light), intertextuality. Much new archival material, private and family, is drawn on to show the origins of Chekhov's ideas and source of his motifs. Attention is paid to Chekhov's influence on the short story and on drama in Europe and America, as well as in Russia.