Kirjahaku

Why do nations go to war? Is war an institutionalized outlet for our aggressive instincts? Or is it a cultural invention rather than a biological necessity?Originally published in 1990, Eric Carlton, looking across a number of societies investigates why men and women go to war, and how they are able to commit atrocities against their enemy. He believes that central to these issues is the perception of the enemy and the ways in which this is ‘converted’ – consciously or unconsciously – into an ideology of aggression. Military training and ideology are based upon the definition of the enemy as ‘the other’, and studies in the text reveal the importance of the stereotyped image of the enemy when soldiers carry out atrocities.Dr Carlton explores the underlying problem of how and why societies resort to war, by analysing the motivations, usually religious and ideological, which legitimize warlike policies and activities. Fascinating case studies consider the ways in which the enemy has been seen in various historical and comparative contexts: for instance, to ancient Egyptians the enemy were non-people, to Romans uncouth barbarians, to Maoists class antagonists. These studies underline the fact that perceptions of the adversary determine the nature of warfare more than any other single factor.The book is unique in its discussion of the idea of the enemy in warfare and military ideology, and in its use of an historical method to comment on situations which are still relevant to the modern world. Its historical and comparative perspective, and its extensive case studies, make it of great value and interest to students of history, sociology, and politics, as well as to those engaged in war studies.

Why do nations go to war? Is war an institutionalized outlet for our aggressive instincts? Or is it a cultural invention rather than a biological necessity?Originally published in 1990, Eric Carlton, looking across a number of societies investigates why men and women go to war, and how they are able to commit atrocities against their enemy. He believes that central to these issues is the perception of the enemy and the ways in which this is ‘converted’ – consciously or unconsciously – into an ideology of aggression. Military training and ideology are based upon the definition of the enemy as ‘the other’, and studies in the text reveal the importance of the stereotyped image of the enemy when soldiers carry out atrocities.Dr Carlton explores the underlying problem of how and why societies resort to war, by analysing the motivations, usually religious and ideological, which legitimize warlike policies and activities. Fascinating case studies consider the ways in which the enemy has been seen in various historical and comparative contexts: for instance, to ancient Egyptians the enemy were non-people, to Romans uncouth barbarians, to Maoists class antagonists. These studies underline the fact that perceptions of the adversary determine the nature of warfare more than any other single factor.The book is unique in its discussion of the idea of the enemy in warfare and military ideology, and in its use of an historical method to comment on situations which are still relevant to the modern world. Its historical and comparative perspective, and its extensive case studies, make it of great value and interest to students of history, sociology, and politics, as well as to those engaged in war studies.

How does a successful conquering power retain control of the land it occupiesóoften in the face of hostility? In Occupation, Eric Carlton explores the methods employed by dominant powers to ensure their supremacy and considers the critical relationship between military authority and civilian population. In exploring this complex relationship, Dr. Carlton covers both the nature of control and its practical implementation. Working from the premise that the ideology of the occupying power conditions the exercise of power and that control is gained either by compulsion or persuasion, he examines the options available to the aggressor nation in maintaining authority. These, he suggests, include both the use of force and the implementation of forms of social controlólegal, moral and religious preceptsóas well as the utilization of the social norms of the occupied nation. In order to demonstrate the wide variety of control policies used, Dr. Carlton presents a spectrum of case studies, with examples ranging from the Roman Empire to British colonialism in India and the exploitation of Peru by the Spanish. Particular attention is given to the Nazi atrocities of the Second World War, and to the moral aspects of military repression. Contents: Foreword; Introduction: Ideology and Control; Analyses of Power; Assimilation: The Expedient Policies of the Roman Empire; Re-education: British Colonialism in India; Culturation: The Neo-colonialism of the United States in Latin America; Reconstitutionalization: The Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great; Malintegration: Japan and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity; Abritrary Repression: Mussolini and the Italian African Empire; Exploitation: The Spanish in Peru; Subjugation: Europeans and the Indigenes of North America; Depredation: The Assyrians and Population Transfer; Selective Control: Nazi Non-Eastern Occupation Policies; Extermination: Nazi Policies and Practices in the "East"; Excursus: The Holocaust and the SS Intelligentsia; Afterthough

In this exploration of the nature of occupation, Eric Carlton concentrates on the complex relationship between military authority and civilian population and explores the methods used by dominant powers ot maintain their authority. Drawing from a wide range of case studies, including examinations of British colonial interests in India and the Nazi atrocities of the Second World War, Dr Carlton assesses the nature of social control and the effect of ideology on the exercising of power, and considers the moral aspects of military repression.

First published in 1998, this volume is a historical and comparative study of treason, whose aim is to clarify and categorize the diverse and often mixed – even confused – motives which underlie treason, both at its conspiracy and implemental stages. Its approach is to use case studies ranging from classical society to modern cases of treachery to examine this complex issue. Some of the case studies will have a familiar ring, but others will not be so well known, as the book is not merely a popular recitation of spy stories. Rather, it is concerned with the nature of treason, and offers some theoretical pointers to treason as a social and psychological phenomenon.The text demonstrates that, while in common speech the term ‘treason’ has pejorative connotations, it is, in fact, a multi-faceted phenomenon which merits much closer investigation.

First published in 1998, this volume is a historical and comparative study of treason, whose aim is to clarify and categorize the diverse and often mixed – even confused – motives which underlie treason, both at its conspiracy and implemental stages. Its approach is to use case studies ranging from classical society to modern cases of treachery to examine this complex issue. Some of the case studies will have a familiar ring, but others will not be so well known, as the book is not merely a popular recitation of spy stories. Rather, it is concerned with the nature of treason, and offers some theoretical pointers to treason as a social and psychological phenomenon.The text demonstrates that, while in common speech the term ‘treason’ has pejorative connotations, it is, in fact, a multi-faceted phenomenon which merits much closer investigation.

This title was first published in 2000: A manifestation of mass hysteria, a compensation for physical or emotional deprivation, or an alternative to religion? What is the function of the paranormal in society? This question and its many possible answers are the subject of this scholarly study of our enduring fascination with experiences for which science provides no ready explanations. From the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the present day, Eric Carlton surveys the development of ideas and research associated with the paranormal, culminating as it does today in the recognized academic status accorded to parapsychology. With a critical yet open mind, Carlton explores issues associated with the study of the paranormal, such as witchcraft beliefs, near-death experiences and the UFO phenomenon. Case studies are employed to illustrate and illuminate certain examples and theories. This thought-provoking book concludes that the paranormal and our study of it provides a multi-faceted vehicle for humanity's quest to find meaning in life.

This title was first published in 2000: A manifestation of mass hysteria, a compensation for physical or emotional deprivation, or an alternative to religion? What is the function of the paranormal in society? This question and its many possible answers are the subject of this scholarly study of our enduring fascination with experiences for which science provides no ready explanations. From the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the present day, Eric Carlton surveys the development of ideas and research associated with the paranormal, culminating as it does today in the recognized academic status accorded to parapsychology. With a critical yet open mind, Carlton explores issues associated with the study of the paranormal, such as witchcraft beliefs, near-death experiences and the UFO phenomenon. Case studies are employed to illustrate and illuminate certain examples and theories. This thought-provoking book concludes that the paranormal and our study of it provides a multi-faceted vehicle for humanity's quest to find meaning in life.

This title was first published in 2001. Militarism connotes more than unadulterated aggression. It encapsulates a way of life and involves the inculcation of military values as an end in itself. This text examines the factors which have been held to account for the rise of militarism in particular social contexts, using case studies and comparative analysis of this perennial phenomenon.

This title was first published in 2001. Militarism connotes more than unadulterated aggression. It encapsulates a way of life and involves the inculcation of military values as an end in itself. This text examines the factors which have been held to account for the rise of militarism in particular social contexts, using case studies and comparative analysis of this perennial phenomenon.

Truly interdisciplinary work between Sociology and History is are, because one discipline usually exploits the concerns or data of the other. Eric Carlton, however, has succeeded in bringing together the distinctive orientations of sociology and ancient history into a clearly written discussion of concerns crucial to both disciplines. Based on a comparative analysis or two pre-industrial civilisations, those of Ancient Egypt and Classical Athens, the study is primarily concerned with three issues. The first is the relationship between belief and action: does belief (intellectualised as ideology) affect or determine social behaviour? Second, the author examines the ways in which belief contributes to stability and ‘good order’ in society, and asks to what extent such factors as social status and social change are related to institutionalised mechanisms of social control. Finally, he indicates possible sociological frameworks or models which are ideological rather than stratificatory, whereby complex pre-industrial systems might be analysed. By analysing the societies of Ancient Egypt and Classical Athens in institutional terms, Eric Carlton examines the potency and pervasiveness of the ideological factor and shows that it is a persistent and determinative feature of this type of society.

The principle purpose of Religious Education has traditionally been to instruct and inform, with discussion and questioning occupying a secondary position. This traditional approach gives overwhelming emphasis to the historical aspects of religion, and not only fails to put into perspective the issues raised by religion today, but also takes no account of the growing movement in schools towards learning by enquiry and questioning rather than by the accumulation of stated facts. This title, first published in 1973, explores the ways in which religion can be approached from a more sociological standpoint, and aims to encourage the reader to examine religion in a more objective manner. The wide-ranging and exploratory theme of this book makes it ideal for follow-up work and suggestions for further study are provided after each chapter. This title will be of interest to teachers and students of Religious Studies.

The principle purpose of Religious Education has traditionally been to instruct and inform, with discussion and questioning occupying a secondary position. This traditional approach gives overwhelming emphasis to the historical aspects of religion, and not only fails to put into perspective the issues raised by religion today, but also takes no account of the growing movement in schools towards learning by enquiry and questioning rather than by the accumulation of stated facts. This title, first published in 1973, explores the ways in which religion can be approached from a more sociological standpoint, and aims to encourage the reader to examine religion in a more objective manner. The wide-ranging and exploratory theme of this book makes it ideal for follow-up work and suggestions for further study are provided after each chapter. This title will be of interest to teachers and students of Religious Studies.

The principle purpose of Religious Education has traditionally been to instruct and inform, with discussion and questioning occupying a secondary position. This traditional approach gives overwhelming emphasis to the historical aspects of religion, and not only fails to put into perspective the issues raised by religion today, but also takes no account of the growing movement in schools towards learning by enquiry and questioning rather than by the accumulation of stated facts. This title, first published in 1973, explores the ways in which religion can be approached from a more sociological standpoint, and aims to encourage the reader to examine religion in a more objective manner. The wide-ranging and exploratory theme of this book makes it ideal for follow-up work and suggestions for further study are provided after each chapter. This title will be of interest to teachers and students of Religious Studies.

The principle purpose of Religious Education has traditionally been to instruct and inform, with discussion and questioning occupying a secondary position. This traditional approach gives overwhelming emphasis to the historical aspects of religion, and not only fails to put into perspective the issues raised by religion today, but also takes no account of the growing movement in schools towards learning by enquiry and questioning rather than by the accumulation of stated facts. This title, first published in 1973, explores the ways in which religion can be approached from a more sociological standpoint, and aims to encourage the reader to examine religion in a more objective manner. The wide-ranging and exploratory theme of this book makes it ideal for follow-up work and suggestions for further study are provided after each chapter. This title will be of interest to teachers and students of Religious Studies.

Truly interdisciplinary work between Sociology and History is are, because one discipline usually exploits the concerns or data of the other. Eric Carlton, however, has succeeded in bringing together the distinctive orientations of sociology and ancient history into a clearly written discussion of concerns crucial to both disciplines. Based on a comparative analysis or two pre-industrial civilisations, those of Ancient Egypt and Classical Athens, the study is primarily concerned with three issues. The first is the relationship between belief and action: does belief (intellectualised as ideology) affect or determine social behaviour? Second, the author examines the ways in which belief contributes to stability and ‘good order’ in society, and asks to what extent such factors as social status and social change are related to institutionalised mechanisms of social control. Finally, he indicates possible sociological frameworks or models which are ideological rather than stratificatory, whereby complex pre-industrial systems might be analysed. By analysing the societies of Ancient Egypt and Classical Athens in institutional terms, Eric Carlton examines the potency and pervasiveness of the ideological factor and shows that it is a persistent and determinative feature of this type of society.

Social scientists are concerned with élites of many kinds - bureaucracies, military oligarchies, political leaders and the like. The study of élites is frequently characterised by a certain suspicion, and the tone of the enquirer’s description and discussion of such groups is often sceptical if not actually hostile. While not simply an attempt to redress the balance, this book is intended to provide the reader with a fair idea of the nature and variety of élites and to offer some explanantions as to why societies over a remarkably wide range of time, space and economic development have evolved a structure in which a small group exercises a disproportionate power over the great mass of their fellows. The first section deals with theoretical approaches to élites and élitism, summarising and criticising work from Plato and Weber, Popper, Scruton and Bottomore. The second section consists of a number of historical and contemporary case studies, ranging from Classical Athens to late twentieth-century Western society, which individually and in combination illustrate and amplify the theoretical material. The final section draws together the main arguments in the form of a critique and conclusions.