Kirjahaku

Statistics is used to conduct research, evaluate outcomes, develop critical thinking and make informed decisions about a set of data. The main purpose of statistics seeks to provide an analysis of quantitative data. The principles of statistics also provide guidelines for conducting surveys. Statisticians know how to gather information while avoiding bias and using a random sample. There are a variety of benefits of studying statistics. It improves ability to identify and communicate patterns and outcomes. Learning statistics also incorporates the use of probability. Businesses and individuals can use statistics to calculate the probability of their desired outcome and evaluate whether the probable benefits outweigh the cost. This cost-benefit analysis can improve decision-making and reduce losses. Statistical inference is a calculation that uses data analysis to infer the root causes, effects and properties of a correlation or statistical trend. Statistical models can offer more accurate projections of sales, results and returns. Statistics focuses on a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

This book will be of special interest to readers regarding the introduction to Statistics, what data is and how to collect data, to present data graphically and in tabular form, as well as interpret various types of statistical data systematically. This book uses the simplest techniques with illustrations to ensure easy understanding. Nowadays Statistical concepts are applied in many fields, such as business, economics, medical science, higher education, social welfare, etc. In addition, when conducting the research, the formulation of a research question, proper study design, possible source of funding, analysis of data obtained, proper interpretation of results and publication, consultants holding various posts, guide for conducting project, term paper, dissertation, thesis, framing policies, decisions regarding investigations, diagnosis and treatment in medical science for example are to be dealt with everywhere in colleges, universities, works places, research organizations, etc. This book will provide basic introductory ideas how to collect data and information as well as tips for reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information for the purpose of making decisions

Most of our traditional tools for formal modeling, reasoning, and computing are crisp, deterministic, and precise in character. However, there are many complicated problems in economics, engineering, environment, social science, medical science, etc., that involve data which are not always all crisp. We cannot successfully use classical methods because of various types of uncertainties present in these problems. There are theories, viz., Theory of Probability, Theory of Fuzzy Sets, Theory of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Theory of Vague Sets, Theory of Interval Mathematics, Theory of Rough Sets and Soft Set which can be considered as mathematical tools for dealing with uncertainties and real life problems inherently involve uncertainties, imprecision and vagueness. Fuzzy Logic is a form of soft computing method which accommodates the imprecision of the real world whereas traditional hard computing, soft computing exploits the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve tractability, robustness.In this book all have been deliberated thoroughly with various illustrations and everybody must feel comfortable to understand fuzziness and uncertainties independently.

Mathematics for Business Decisions has been prepared for the students who want to learn mathematics and mathematical calculations from elementary level to advance level successively. The more specialty of this book is that, all the definitions are described with easy way and relevant examples to develop the theoretical knowledge of the students and the mathematical calculations have been presented meticulously with step by step of every part so that any student can figure out independently at home effortlessly. Finally, by studying this book, students will be able to decide how to pricing the products and services after analyzing all the costs and then calculating the gross or net profit. Also they will able to calculate all the business taxes and the actual business profit after deduction of all the taxes and other deductions. In addition, the knowledge gathering from this book helps improving decision making about different aspects of business such as costs, raw materials, marketing, advertising, strategies for the short and long term etc. and analyzing unforeseen situations and making decisions in favour of the company.