Kirjahaku

The Birth of the Archive traces the history of archives from their emergence in the Late Middle Ages through the Early Modern Period, and vividly shows how archives permeated and fundamentally changed European culture. Archives were compiled and maintained by peasants and kings, merchants and churchmen, and conceptions of archives were as diverse as those who used them. The complex, demanding job of the archivist was just as variable: archivists might serve as custodians, record-keepers, librarians, legal experts, historians, scholars, researchers, public officials, or some combination thereof; navigating archives was often far from straightforward. The shift of archival storage from haphazard collections of papers to the methodically organized institutionalized holdings of the nineteenth century was a gradual, nonlinear process. Friedrich provides an essential background to the history of archives over the centuries and enriches the story of their evolution with chapters on key sociocultural aspects of European archival culture. He discusses their meaning and symbolism in European thought, early modern conceptions of the archive’s function, and questions of access and usability. Exploring the close, often vexed relationship between archives and political power, Friedrich illustrates the vulnerability of archives to political upheaval and war. He concludes with an introspective look at how historians used their knowledge of and work with archives to create distinct representations of themselves and their craft.The Birth of the Archive engages with scholarship in political history, the history of mentalities, conceptions of space, historiography, and the history of everyday life in early modern Europe. It has much to offer for specialists and scholars, while the jargon-free prose of this translation is also accessible to the general reader.

The most comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of one of the most important religious orders in the modern worldSince its founding by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, the Society of Jesus—more commonly known as the Jesuits—has played a critical role in the events of modern history. From the Counter-Reformation to the ascent of Francis I as the first Jesuit pope, The Jesuits presents an intimate look at one of the most important religious orders not only in the Catholic Church, but also the world. Markus Friedrich describes an organization that has deftly walked a tightrope between sacred and secular involvement and experienced difficulties during changing times, all while shaping cultural developments from pastoral care and spirituality to art, education, and science.Examining the Jesuits in the context of social, cultural, and world history, Friedrich sheds light on how the order shaped the culture of the Counter-Reformation and participated in the establishment of European empires, including missionary activity throughout Asia and in many parts of Africa in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He also explores the place of Jesuits in the New World and addresses the issue of Jesuit slaveholders. The Jesuits often tangled with the Roman Curia and the pope, resulting in their suppression in 1773, but the order returned in 1814 to rise again to a powerful position of influence. Friedrich demonstrates that the Jesuit fathers were not a monolithic group and he considers the distinctive spiritual legacy inherited by Pope Francis.With its global scope and meticulous attention to archival sources and previous scholarship, The Jesuits illustrates the heterogeneous, varied, and contradictory perspectives of this famed religious organization.

The most comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of one of the most important religious orders in the modern worldSince its founding by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, the Society of Jesus—more commonly known as the Jesuits—has played a critical role in the events of modern history. From the Counter-Reformation to the ascent of Francis I as the first Jesuit pope, The Jesuits presents an intimate look at one of the most important religious orders not only in the Catholic Church, but also the world. Markus Friedrich describes an organization that has deftly walked a tightrope between sacred and secular involvement and experienced difficulties during changing times, all while shaping cultural developments from pastoral care and spirituality to art, education, and science.Examining the Jesuits in the context of social, cultural, and world history, Friedrich sheds light on how the order shaped the culture of the Counter-Reformation and participated in the establishment of European empires, including missionary activity throughout Asia and in many parts of Africa in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He also explores the place of Jesuits in the New World and addresses the issue of Jesuit slaveholders. The Jesuits often tangled with the Roman Curia and the pope, resulting in their suppression in 1773, but the order returned in 1814 to rise again to a powerful position of influence. Friedrich demonstrates that the Jesuit fathers were not a monolithic group and he considers the distinctive spiritual legacy inherited by Pope Francis.With its global scope and meticulous attention to archival sources and previous scholarship, The Jesuits illustrates the heterogeneous, varied, and contradictory perspectives of this famed religious organization.

A history of genealogical knowledge-making strategies in the early modern world.In The Maker of Pedigrees, Markus Friedrich explores the complex and fascinating world of central European genealogy practices during the Baroque era. Drawing on archival material from a dozen European institutions, Friedrich reconstructs how knowledge about noble families was created, authenticated, circulated, and published. Jakob Wilhelm Imhoff, a wealthy and well-connected patrician from Nuremberg, built a European community of genealogists by assembling a transnational network of cooperators and informants. Friedrich uses Imhoff as a case study in how knowledge was produced and disseminated during the 17th and 18th centuries.Family lineages were key instruments in defining dynasties, organizing international relations, and structuring social life. Yet in the early modern world, knowledge about genealogy was cumbersome to acquire, difficult to authenticate, and complex to publish. Genealogy's status as a source of power and identity became even more ambivalent as the 17th century wore on, as the field continued to fragment into a plurality of increasingly contradictory formats and approaches. Genealogy became a contested body of knowledge, as a heterogeneous set of actors—including aristocrats, antiquaries, and publishers—competed for authority. Imhoff was closely connected to all of the major genealogical cultures of his time, and he serves as a useful prism through which the complex field of genealogy can be studied in its bewildering richness.

Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Komplexit t informationstechnischer Produkte sowie ihrer Entwicklungsprozesse gewinnen besonders die fr hen Phasen der Produktentwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung. In der Phase der Ideengenerierung, Anforderungs- und L sungsdefinition sind Entscheidungen von hoher Tragweite zu treffen, die alle anschlie enden Entwicklungsphasen entscheidend beeinflussen. Wie die Analyse zeigt, fehlt es den an einem Entwicklungsvorhaben Beteiligten h ufig an einem gemeinsamen, konsistenten Problemverst ndnis. Zu diesem Zweck wurde in dieser Arbeit ein funktionsorientiertes Modellierungskonzept zur Unterst tzung der Produktentwicklung erarbeitet, das auf einer Metaebene f r alle Disziplinen und einem Bindeglied, das f r alle Disziplinen verst ndlich und intuitiv nachvollziehbar ist, basiert. Somit entsteht eine M glichkeit die Komplexit t, nderungen und deren potenzielle Auswirkungen auf Komponenten und Funktionen darzustellen.

A leading Catholic historian tells the fascinating story of how the Jesuits shaped the modern world Since its founding by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540, the Society of Jesus—commonly known as the Jesuits—has played a critical role in the events of modern history. In A Concise History of the Jesuits, Markus Friedrich, a leading historian of the Jesuits in academia, tells the story of the Society of Jesus from its founding to the papacy of Francis, the first Jesuit pope. Drawing on meticulous archival research and previous scholarship, he explores the profound societal impact of the Jesuits' humanist colleges, spiritual tradition, and global outreach—far beyond ecclesiastical boundaries. In fact, no other religious order has been more successful—or more contentious. Unlike other orders, the Jesuits do not wear distinctive clerical garments or reside in monasteries. Instead, they are educators, missionaries, and religious leaders. They formed a global network led by influential superiors general, while pledging unwavering obedience to the pope. Friedrich highlights their extraordinary cultural and intellectual contributions through their prominent roles in science, religion, missions, and politics. A Concise History of the Jesuits illustrates the Jesuits' complicated and, at times, controversial history. Through this insightful introduction, readers interested in Catholicism and Jesuit history will gain a deeper understanding of the character and history of the Society of Jesus.