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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovský; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H. G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
At the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, the prob­ lems of immunity in lower vertebrates and the influence of environmental temperature attracted attention for the first time (ERNST, 1890; WIDAL and SICARD, 1897; METCHNIKOFF, 1901). However, relatively little work has been done on this subject until recently. The early investigators were chiefly in­ terested in the immuno-pathological problems. They immunized various species of lower vertebrates essentially with bacterial vaccines; agglutinating, neutralizing and protective antibodies were detected in their blood. The in­ fluence of environmental temperature on the immune response was investigated, since this subject represented great economical and theoretical importance. Epizootic diseases were observed to occur in relation to the cold season of the year, when the decrease or spontaneous increase of water temperature occurred (SCHAPERCLAUS, 1965; BESSE et al. , 1965; KLONTZ et al. , 1965 WOOD,1966). The immunological deficiency of fish, caused by their natural or experimental stay in cold water, is now evident for both humoral and cellular immunity. In this review we will focus on two points: We shall attempt (1) to explain the mechanism by which the environmental temperature influences the immune resistance of fish to pathogens, (2) to determine the chronological location of this temperature-sensitive stage in the process of antibody formation, and to make some approaches to the general antibody formation mechanism.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovský; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H. G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
General aspects of nucleic acid uptake by mammalian cells have been the subject of several reviews during the last few years (PAGANO, 1970; BHARGAVA and SHANMUGAM, 1971; DUBES, 1971; RYSER, 1967). These reviews covered methods used for the infection of cells by viral nucleic acids as well as interaction of mammalian cells with non-viral nucleic acids. This article is restricted to a discussion of experiments with poliovirus RNA and focuses special attention on the steps following the uptake of RNA into a cell, aspects that were not discussed in earlier review articles. The fate of input RNA once inside the cell is determined by the host cell but experimental conditions can be chosen to favor the survival of input RNA and the induction of a virus growth cycle by interfering with host-cell meta­ bolism through events that, in the case of infection with intact virus, might be controlled by viral proteins.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovský; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H. G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
This volume is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor WERNER BRAUN, one of the most devoted and active members of the Editorial Board of the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, who passed away, after suffering a heart attack, in November 1972. Dr. WERNER BRAUN was born in Berlin, Germany, on November 16,1914. During his highschool days in Berlin he did research work on problems of genetics as a young guest in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Biologie, in the department of Prof. R. GOLDSCHMIDT. I remember his colourful description of his discussions during this period, while still a teen-ager, with OTTO WAR­ BURG. He studied biology and medicine at the University of G6ttingen and received a Ph.D. degree in biology in 1936. In the same year he left Nazi Germany and came to the United States first as a Guest Investigator in Genetics at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and then in Berkeley, where he carried out his work in the Depart­ ments of Zoology and of Veterinary Science until 1948. He was engaged during this period in the study of problems concerned with physiological genetics, bacterial variation, immunology and biochemistry.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2012
nidottu
Ever since arbovirus infections became known and their relative importance assessed, experiments were designed to elucidate the mode of transmission and the most important natural hosts responsible for perpetuating the infection in nature. Human infections and the disease in wild rodents, birds, and domestic animals were studied in relation to viremia and distribution of the infectious agent in the organism. With increasing epidemiological studies it became apparent that the neural manifestations of the disease are very uncommon, confined only to a small percentage of individuals of the most susceptible species. Various factors have been proposed to explain why in certain instances the virus becomes establish­ ed in the central nervous system and causes a serious or lethal disease. For example, differences in the virulence of the virus strains, varying susceptibility of individuals of one species, or intercurrent circumstances facilitating access of the virus to the central nervous system were alleged. Also, various possible routes of entry of the virus into the brain and spinal cord have been considered.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2012
nidottu
The study of streptococcal infections and their sequelae has in the last two decades yielded several important findings on the biological properties of cellular and extracellular products of group A streptococci. These findings have contributed to a better knowledge of the pathological reactions occurring in the macroorganism during host-parasite interactions. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of streptococcal infections is not fully understood. So far there has been no success in eliciting experimentally, either through the action of the substances isolated from the cell, or from broth culture filtrate of group A streptococci, symptoms that are fully identical with any type of acute streptococcal infection. It also has not been possible to explain the mUltiplicity of clinical and histological changes caused by streptococci as being due solely to anyone of these substances or a combination thereof. The same applies to the sequelae of streptococcal infections, rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. We do not know how the group A strepto­ coccus elicits these diseases and we have only a partial understanding of the pathological processes, initiated by this streptococcus, and resulting in cardiac or renal lesions. It is clear that an organism infected by streptococci is exposed to the action of a complex of substances. A more detailed recognition of the biological activity of the single components and their combination under defined experimental conditions may be capable, it is hoped, to explain the pathologic processes triggered in the course. of the development of group A streptococcal infection.
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