Froebel as a Pioneer in Modern Psychology: Classic Psychology
E. R. Murray
Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
2017
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Friedrich Wilhelm August Fr bel or Froebel (21 April 1782 - 21 June 1852) was a German pedagogue, a student of Pestalozzi who laid the foundation for modern education based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. He created the concept of the "kindergarten" and also coined the word now used in German and English. He also developed the educational toys known as Froebel Gifts. Fr bel's idea of the kindergarten found appeal, but its spread in Germany was thwarted by the Prussian government, whose education ministry banned it on 7 August 1851 as "atheistic and demagogic" for its alleged "destructive tendencies in the areas of religion and politics". Other states followed suit. The reason for the ban, however, seems to have been a confusion of names. Fr bel's nephew Karl Fr bel had written and published Weibliche Hochschulen und Kinderg rten (Female Colleges and Kindergartens), which apparently met with some disapproval. To quote Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, "The stupid minister (Karl Otto) von Raumer has decreed a ban on kindergartens, basing himself on a book by Karl Fr bel. He is confusing Friedrich and Karl Fr bel." Fr bel's student Margarethe Schurz founded the first kindergarten in the United States at Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856, and she also inspired Elizabeth Peabody, who went on to found the first English-speaking kindergarten in the United States - the language at Schurz's kindergarten had been German, to serve an immigrant community - in Boston in 1860. This paved the way for the concept's spread in the USA. The German migr Adolph Douai had also founded a kindergarten in Boston in 1859, but was obliged to close it after only a year. By 1866, however, he was founding others in New York City. The pedagogue August K hler was the initiator and cofounder in 1863 of the Deutscher Fr belverein (German Fr bel Association), first for Thuringia, out of which grew the Allgemeiner Fr belverein (General Fr bel Association) in 1872, and a year later the Deutscher Fr belverband (German Fr bel Federation). August K hler critically analyzed and evaluated Fr bel theory, adopted fundamental notions into his own kindergarten pedagogy and expanded on these, developing an independent "K hler Kindergarten Pedagogy". He first trained kindergarten teachers in Gotha in 1857. In the beginning, K hler had thought to engage male educators exclusively, but far too few applied. Thekla Naveau founded in October 1853 the first kindergarten in Sondershausen and on 1 April 1867 the first kindergarten after the Prussian ban was lifted in Nordhausen. Angelika Hartmann founded in 1864 the first kindergarten after Fr bel's model in K then, Anhalt. In 1908 and 1911, kindergarten teacher training was recognized in Germany through state regulatory la
