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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2012
nidottu
"When we give a definition it is for the purpose of using it". HENRI POINCARE in Science and Method A. Objectives The first version of this paper was written to introduce new students and fellows of my laboratory to the mysteries of herpesviruses. Consonant with this design sections dealing with well documented data were trimmed to the bone whereas many obscure phenomena, controversial data and seemingly trivial observations were discussed generously and at length. There is some doubt as to whether it was meant to be published, but it was not a review. The objective of reviews is frequently to bring order. But alas, even the most fluent summation of credible data frequently makes dull reading and too much plausible order, like very little entropy in chemical reactions, is not the most suitable environment on which to nurture the urge to discover. This version is more charitable but not less inbalanced. The bibliography reflects the intent of the paper and was updated last in December of 1968. It should be obvious without saying that no single account such as this can do justice or injustice, as the case may be, to the several hundred papers published on herpesviruses each year or to the many thousand papers published on herpesviruses since the first of the members of the family was experimentally transmitted to a heterologous host more than half a century ago (GRUTER, 1924). B. Definition 1.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2012
nidottu
In lymphoiden Zellen Tb-sensibilisierter Meerschweinchen sind sessile Antikorper vorhanden, die in der Lage sind nach Kontakt mit Tuberkulin Komplement zu binden. Dieser Nachweis ist sowohl fluorescenzserologisch als auch - unter Verwendung von Extrakten aus solchen Zellen - mit der Hamagglutination und der Coombs-Technik oder mit dem Konglutinations- verfahren moglich. Sie konnen ferner mit dem Hamaggregationsverfahren nachgewiesen werden. Die sessilen Antikorper besitzen mindestens zwei, nach ihrer immunologischen Spezifitat und dem Mechanismus ihrer cytolytischen Funktion distinkte immunologische Spezifitaten. Die eine ist gegen den Haupt- bestandteil von Alttuberkulin (Tuberkulopolysaccharide) und die andere gegen den von gereinigtem Tuberkulin (Tuberkuloproteine) gerichtet. Beide Anti- korper konnen auf weisse Zellen nicht sensibilisierter Tiere ubertragen werden. Sie sind mercaptoathanolempfindlich und konnen deswegen den Antikorpern vom 19 S-Typ zugerechnet werden. Sie sind nicht identisch mit den cytophilen Antikorpern; auch scheint keine direkte kausale Beziehung zur Tuberkulin- Hautreaktion zu bestehen. Ihre mogliche Bedeutung wird diskutiert. Lymphoide Zellen von Tb-sensibilisierten Meerschweinchen enthalten ausserdem noch einen Faktor, der in vitro Agglutinationsreaktion und in vivo PCA-Reaktionen hemmt. Literatur BAlL, 0.: Ubertragung der Tuberkulinempfindliehkeit. Z. Immun.-Forseh. 1. Orig. 4,470 (1910). BLAZKOVEC, A. A., E. SORKIN, and J. L. TURK: A study of the passive eellular transfer of loeal eutaneous hypersensitivity. Int. Areh. Allergy 27, 289 (1965). BLOOM, B. R., and B. BENNETT: Meehanism of areaction in vitra associated with delayed type hypersensitivity. Scienee 153, 80 (1966). - - Delayed hypersensitivity in vitra: the meehanism of inhibition by antigen of eell migration. Fed. Prae. 25, 355 (1966).
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2012
nidottu
This article is concerned with the use of viral models for the study of the mechanism of protein biosynthesis and its regulation. The scope is restricted mainly to general aspects of animal viral systems and how these systems may be used to approach the question of cellular regulation. Most information on the regulation of metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells comes from the study of bacteria and from the successful application of this knowledge to higher systems. However, differences in regulation of the translation of genetic information from the messenger RNA into protein may be expected between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Due to the short half-life of prokaryotic mRNAs, transcription has been considered as the main mechanism controlling gene expression. Nevertheless, during recent years firm evidence has been accumulated for additional regu­ latory factors operating during translation. This topic was recently reviewed by HASELKORN and ROTHMAN-DENES (1973) and by KOZAK and NATHANS (1972).
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; W. Braun; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovský; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H. G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Svru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
The expression of many bacterial genes adapts itself in an almost in­ stantaneous and reversible way to specific environmental changes. More specifically, the concentration of a number of metabolites, a function of the amounts of enzymes involved in their synthesis or degradation, in turn retroacts on the rate of synthesis of these enzymes. The genetic bases for this regulation were established by JACOB and MONOD (1961). These authors also showed how the known elements of these regulatory mechanisms could be connected into a wide variety of circuits endowed with any desired degree of stability, in order to account for essentially irreversible processes like differentiation (MONOD and JACOB, 1961). The general principles used by JACOB and MONOD in their study of negative regulation were extended to positive regulation by ENGLESBERG et al. (1965). An independent approach permitted the discovery of positive controls in temperate bacteriophages (see below, III). Each control operation is mediated by a pair of complementary genetic elements (hereafter called "control cell"): a control gene which produces a l control (or regulator) protein and a control site which is the target for the regulator protein. Negative control means that the control protein (repressor) prevents gene expression. One deals with positive control when the control protein (activator) is necessary for this expression. It has become apparent that, as initially postulated by JACOB and MONOD, control of gene expression operates, at least to a large extent, at the transcriptional level.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
Phenomena as diverse as tuberculin sensitivity, delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins other than tuberculin, contact allergy, homograft rejection, experimental autoallergies, and the response to many microorganisms, have been classified as members of the class of immune reactions known as delayed or cellular hypersensitivity. Similarities in time course, histology, and absence of detectable circulating immunoglobulins characterize these cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo. The state of delayed or cellular hypersensitivity can be transferred from one animal to another by means of sensitized living lymphoid cells (CHASE, 1945; LANDSTEINER and CHASE, 1942; MITCHISON, 1954). The responsible cell has been described by GOWANS (1965) as a small lymphocyte. Passive transfer has also been achieved in the human with extracts of sensitized cells (LAWRENCE, 1959). The in vivo characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity from which the class derives its name is the delayed skin reaction. When an antigen is injected intradermally into a previously immunized animal, the typical delayed reaction begins to appear after 4 hours, reaches a peak at 24 hours, and fades after 48 hours. It is grossly characterized by induration, erythyma, and occasionally necrosis. The histology of the delayed reaction has been studied by numerous investigators (COHEN et al. , 1967; GELL and HINDE, 1951; KOSUNEN, 1966; KOSUNEN et al. , 1963; MCCLUSKEY et al. , 1963; WAKSMAN, 1960; WAKSMAN, 1962). Initially dilatation of the capillaries with exudation of fluid and cells occurs.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
Influenza continues to be one of the major epidemic diseases of man and is, in fact, his only remaining pandemic disease (BEVERIDGE, 1969). This is largely because influenza virus undergoes extreme antigenic variation, the mechanism of which is still poorly understood. Two kinds of antigenic variation occur in influenza viruses, antigenic drift and major antigenic shifts; both involve chan­ ges in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus. Antigenic drift, which involves gradual changes in the surface antigens of influenza virus, is thought to result from the selection by an immune popula­ tion of mutant virus particles with altered antigenic determinants. These mutants therefore possess a growth advantage in the presence of antibody (FRAN­ CIS and MAASSAB, 1965; ARCHETTI and HORSFALL, 1950; HAMRE et aI., 1958). It has been shown that antigenic mutants isolated in vitro by selection with antibody have changes in amino acid sequence in the polypeptides of the hem­ agglutinin subunits (LAVER and WEBSTER, 1968) and it is likely that antigenic drift in the neuraminidase occurs by the same mechanism.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Microbiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; J. H. Humphrey; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovský; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H. G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
Prominent progress in molecular biology was only made when it became possible to separate functionally distinct molecules by taking advantage of their biophysical properties. Likewise, the analysis of the functions of hetero­ geneous populations of immunocompetent cells, as to the functional properties of their various subpopulations, can not be done until these can be isolated in reasonably pure form by selective fractionation. During the last few years significant advances have been made in this field, and cells have been separated according to size, density or charge (MILLER et aI. , 1969; SHORTMAN, 1968; ANDERSSON, 1973 c), or by taking advantage of more specific surface markers to allow selective depletion or enrichment of a given subpopulation of cells (WIGZELL and ANDERSSON, 1971). Although separation techniques have been used in a variety of cellular systems, they have been particularly useful in the study of reticuloendothelial cells and primarily in the study of cells partici­ pating in the immune responses. Quite extensive reviews have been written which well cover the methods used for separation of cells and the results obtained with the various approaches (WIGZELL and ANDERSSON, 1971; SHORTMAN, 1972). To review this work is becoming a more and more voluminous task. As data rapidly accumulate, we will not try to make such a complete review.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
The processes involved in herpesvirus replication, latency, and oncogenic transformation, have, in general, been rather poorly defined. A primary reason for this is the size and complexity of the herpesvirus genome. Undoubtedly, a better understanding of the functions of the viral genome in infected and transformed cells will be achieved through studies with temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpesviruses since, theoretically, any essential gene function can be affected by mutants of this type. A. The Herpesviruses A consideration of the genetic analysis of members of the herpesvirus group necessitates a description, albeit brief, of the properties of the group and, most importantly, of their genetic material. The herpesviruses comprise a group of relatively large (100-150 nm), enveloped viruses. The envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid enclosing a core which contains double­ stranded DNA (ROIZMAN, 1969). The group is thus defined on the basis of a common virion morphology. In addition to a common structure, members of the group share a number of biological properties such as a similar replicative cycle, the ability to cause latent and chronic infections, and the ability to induce antigenic modifications of infected cell membranes. Several herpes­ viruses have been associated recently with malignancies in man and animals (KLEIN, 1972). Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and have been described in over 30 different species (HUNT and MELENDEZ, 1969; WILDY, 1971; FARLEY et aI. , 1972; KAZAMA and SCHORNSTEIN, 1972; NAHMIAS et aI. , 1972; ROlZMAN et aI. , 1973). Their widespread occurrence in nature suggests a common ancestor.
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Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

W. Arber; W. Braun; F. Cramer; R. Haas; W. Henle; P. H. Hofschneider; N. K. Jerne; P. Koldovsky; H. Koprowski; O. Maaløe; R. Rott; H.-G. Schweiger; M. Sela; L. Syru?ek; P. K. Vogt; E. Wecker

Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2011
nidottu
Immunoglobulin gene expression appears to include a number of unique features (Cohn, 1971; Gaily and Edelman, 1972; Hood et aI. , 1975). First, a variety of genetic and protein structural evidence suggests that two discrete genes - both a variable region gene and a constant region gene - specify each heavy chain and each light chain. This constitutes the twogene-one polypeptide hypothesis. Second, a single differentiated lymphocyte or plasma cell appears to express only one heavy chain allele and one light chain allele at a time. This is the only example of allelic exclusion known in mammalian cells except for X chromosome inactivation. Third, during the course of lymphocyte differentiation, there may be a switch of the heavy chain constant region gene expression but no change in the heavy chain variable region gene expression. Rarely, normal or malignant cells have been found which express two different heavy chain subclasses simul­ taneously (e. g. see Sledge et aI. , 1976). Fourth, the vast number of different antibodies which can be made by an individual animal has raised the question of whether the generation of diversity occurs during evolution or within the animal, i. e. germ line vs somatic variation. Other aspects of immunoglobulin gene ex­ pression may be similar to regulation of gene expression in many eukaryotic cells.
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