Women's responses to rape have taken many forms over the past three decades, from guerrilla actions targeting individual assailants to the founding of rape crisis centers. This timely book illuminates the movement's importance to the broader women's movement and discusses the public policy implications of this activism. Maria Bevacqua locates the roots of rape consciousness, traces the evolution of an anti-rape ideology on the feminist agenda, describes how the rape issue moved to the wider public agenda, and investigates the various manifestations and strategies of anti-rape politics. She examines how feminists first articulated the rape experience as a women's issue, traces the evolution of anti-rape ideology over a thirty-year period, and considers recent tensions in the movement, including allegations of a feminist date rape"hype" in the media and in the academy. The author untangles the public and legislative responses to the rape issue, analyzing both the political context that made policymakers receptive to anti-rape goals and the effect of the anti-rape movement on American political and social life.
Este livro versa sobre a pol tica da alforria em Minas Gerais, em especial na vila de S o Jos del-Rei e S o Jo o del-Rei e a constitui o de bens e a heran a dos homens forros e seus significados no s culo XVIII. Analisa as formas de conquista da liberdade, as etnias, o g nero dos part cipes da constru o da manumiss o e o significado da liberdade, envolvendo desde os empr stimos, as formas de pagamento das liberdades e a constru o do texto dessas "escrituras de liberdade" e "pap is de liberdade". A conquista da alforria n o significou o fim dos empreendimentos dos ex-escravos. Estes, de posse da liberdade, amealharam bens que possibilitaram a constitui o de pequenas riquezas e a conquista de status entre seus pares. Tais conquistas perpassaram pelo processo de desenvolvimento das ocupa es, das rela es travadas cotidianamente com seus amigos, compadres, filhos, esposas, vizinhos.O cotidiano dessas pessoas se descortina de v rias formas atrav s da din mica da heran a, dos legados, da composi o dos objetos particulares, como as j ias, as roupas e a "morada de casa" com suas benfeitorias.
Con el paso del tiempo el mundo va cambiando y como es de esperar el comercio internacional tembien ya que se tiene que adaptar a las necesidades de demanda y tecnologia. Es por es ello que existen diversos cambios en tanto en los documentos como en los campos de pedimento. En este libro hablaremos de los campos y documentos que son aptos para aplicar sanciones en caso de cometer alguna infraccion, y te decimos como solucionar en caso de ello.
Social norms, gender roles, beliefs about one's own capacity, and assets, as well as communities and countries, determine the opportunities available to women and men, and their ability to take advantage of them. World Development Report 2012 shows significant progress in many areas, but gender disparities still persist. Our study covered 20 countries in all world regions, where over 4,000 women and men, in remote and traditional villages and dense urban neighbourhoods, in more than 500 focus groups, discussed the effects of gender differences and inequalities on their lives. Despite diverse social and cultural settings, traits and expectations of the ideal “good” woman and “good” man were remarkably similar across all sample urban and rural communities. Participants acknowledged that women are actively seeking equal power and freedom, but must constantly negotiate and resist traditional expectations about what they are to do and who they are to be. When women achieve the freedom to work for pay or get more education, they must still accommodate their gains to these expectations, especially on household responsibilities. Girls' desire for education, which nurtures their aspirations for greater agency, exceeded that of boys in rural and urban communities. Both young women and men wished for more education and better jobs than are common in their communities and strikingly wanted to marry later, bear children later, and have more autonomy in choosing their partners than traditional community norms dictated. The main pathways for women to gain agency are education, employment, and decreased risk of domestic violence. A safer space encourages women to negotiate for more participation and equality in household discussions and decisions. Women's ability to contribute to family finances and control (even partially) major or minor assets helps them gain more voice at home and in public spheres. Women's aspirations and empowerment to break gender barriers occur regardless of dynamic or poor economies, while men's perceived gain in agency-and their identity as breadwinner-largely depends on economic conditions. When only a few women manage to break with established norms-without a critical mass-traditional norms are not contested and may be reinforced. The process of gender norm change thus appears to be uneven and challenging, lagging behind topical conditions. The easy co-existence of new and old norms means that households in the same community can vary markedly in how much agency women can exercise, and women feel less empowered when opinions and values of families and communities stay with traditional norms.
Material Ecocriticism and Sylvan Agency in Speculative Fiction: The Forests of the World links the examination of fictional forests and arboreal characters of speculative fiction with the literary approach of material ecocriticism and a conceptualization of a sylvan agency. Aiming to establish and situate the investigation of sylvan agency firmly within the context of material ecocriticism, this book offers a framework for reading fictional forests with an ecocritical, and particularly eco-sylvan, lens and applies it to the analysis of the sylvan realm, arboreal characters and the relationship between human characters and their fictional forests in speculative fiction. Drawing on the re-negotiation of matter and material agency, the comprehensive study of the sylvan realm establishes a sylvan and arboreal agency in speculative fiction, ranging from classics, such as J. R. R. Tolkien’s fantasy The Lord of the Rings (1954-55) or Ursula Le Guin’s science-fiction novella The Word for World is Forest (1961), to contemporary texts, such as James Cameron’s Avatar (2010) or Ali Shaw’s The Trees (2016). The author argues for a re-negotiation of a sylvan agency and facilitation of an eco-sylvan awareness in times of environmental crisis.
The powerful Beyoncé, formidable Rihanna, and the incalculable Nikki Minaj. Their images lead one to wonder: are they a new incarnation of black feminism and black women’s agency, or are they only pure fantasy in which, instead of having agency, they are in fact the products of the forces of patriarchy and commercialism? More broadly, one can ask whether black women in general are only being led to believe that they have power but are really being drawn back into more complicated systems of exploitation and oppression. Or, are black women subverting patriarchy by challenging notions of their subordinate and exploitable sexuality? In other words, ‘who is playing who’?Black Women, Agency, and the New Black Feminism identifies a generational divide between traditional black feminists and younger black women. While traditional black feminists may see, for example, sexualized images of black women negatively and as an impediment to progress, younger black women tend to embrace these new images and see them in a positive light. After carefully setting up this divide, this enlightening book will suggest that a more complex understanding of black feminist agency needs to be developed, one that is adapted to the complexities faced by the younger generation in today’s world.Arguing the concept of agency as an important theme for black feminism, this innovative title will appeal to scholars, teachers, and students interested in black feminist and feminist philosophy, identity construction, subjectivity and agency, race, gender, and class.
The powerful Beyoncé, formidable Rihanna, and the incalculable Nikki Minaj. Their images lead one to wonder: are they a new incarnation of black feminism and black women’s agency, or are they only pure fantasy in which, instead of having agency, they are in fact the products of the forces of patriarchy and commercialism? More broadly, one can ask whether black women in general are only being led to believe that they have power but are really being drawn back into more complicated systems of exploitation and oppression. Or, are black women subverting patriarchy by challenging notions of their subordinate and exploitable sexuality? In other words, ‘who is playing who’?Black Women, Agency, and the New Black Feminism identifies a generational divide between traditional black feminists and younger black women. While traditional black feminists may see, for example, sexualized images of black women negatively and as an impediment to progress, younger black women tend to embrace these new images and see them in a positive light. After carefully setting up this divide, this enlightening book will suggest that a more complex understanding of black feminist agency needs to be developed, one that is adapted to the complexities faced by the younger generation in today’s world.Arguing the concept of agency as an important theme for black feminism, this innovative title will appeal to scholars, teachers, and students interested in black feminist and feminist philosophy, identity construction, subjectivity and agency, race, gender, and class.
