Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2007 im Fachbereich Politik - Internationale Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit, Note: 3,0, Rheinisch-Westf lische Technische Hochschule Aachen (Politische Wissenschaft), Veranstaltung: Recht und Gerechtigkeit in postnationalen Konstellationen, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Die Hausarbeit befasst sich mit dem Internationalen Gerichtshof unter dem Aspekt der Wahrung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit der IGH als Hauptrechtsprechungsorgan der UNO dieser Aufgabe nachkommen kann. Die Bedeutung und der Handlungsspielraum des IGH stehen im Mkttelspunkt des Textes. Es wird er Frage nachgegangen, wie erfolgreich und sinnvoll eine internationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit ist, da es doch den einzelnen Mitgliedsstaaten obliegt mit friedlichen Mittel in einem Konfliktfall den Streit beizulegen. Es werden allgemeine Grundlagen sowie die historische Entwicklung zusammengetragen als auch die Bedingungen, wann der IGH seine Arbeit aufnimmt. Daran ankn pfend wird die Verfahrensweise einer Verhandlung erl utert. Die spezielle Situation der Intervention von Drittstaaten beim IGH w hrend einer Verhandlunsphase wird ebenfalls thematisiert, da es ein beliebtes Mittel bei internationalen Streitigkeiten geworden ist. Abschlie end werden die Mittel der UNO zur Wahrung des Weltfriedens dargelegt.
Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Politik - Politische Systeme - Politisches System Deutschlands, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Einleitung Das Gesundheitswesen ist eines der gr ten politischen Streitthemen der letzten Jahre. Durch die demographische Entwicklung in Deutschland gibt es immer weniger Beitragszahler, die noch auf dem Arbeitsmarkt aktiv sind und immer mehr Rentner, die weniger Beitr ge zahlen und mehr medizinische Versorgung in Anspruch nehmen. Zus tzlich zu den immer geringer werdenden Beitr gen kommt dazu, dass der medizinische Fortschritt mehr und mehr zunimmt und somit die Ausgabenseite immer st rker w chst. Das hat zur Folge, dass die Beitragss tze stetig steigen und der Staat mehr Geld zuschie en muss. Jede politische Partei hat ihre eigene L sung f r das Problem der Finanzierung des Gesundheitswesens. Doch wie sehen diese aus und sind sie gerechter und besser zur Finanzierung geeignet als das jetzige System? Im ersten Kapitel dieser Arbeit wird zuerst der Gerechtigkeitsbegriff unter Zuhilfenahme der beiden Gerechtigkeitstheorien von John Rawls und Robert Nozick erkl rt. Darauf folgt die Entwicklung unseres Gesundheitssystems bis hin zur letzten Reform vom 01.01.2011. Diese aktuelle Ausgestaltung des Gesundheitssystems soll dann in ihren Hauptmerkmalen und besonders der neu geschaffenen Wahltarifen auf die Gerechtigkeitstheorien untersucht werden. Schlie lich werden die zwei bekanntesten alternativen Finanzierungsmodelle besprochen. Dies w ren zum einen die B rgerversicherung und zum anderen die Kopfpauschale oder auch Gesundheitspr mie genannt. Ist eines von diesen Modellen geeignet um die immer gr er werdende Finanzierungsl cke auszugleichen?
Ingo Weber develops new approaches for the rapid development and flexible adaption of business processes, which are often the main requirements in today’s IT support for enterprises. Key issues covered by his work are the automatic composition of processes out of predefined components and the verification of specific process properties. His research aims at quickly creating executable process models, which orchestrate the usage of Web services. He investigates how process modelers can be supported by semantic technologies, e.g., by semantically enriched process models or annotated Web services, and puts special emphasis on expressiveness and scalability.
Experiments with rubber balloons and rubber sheets have led to surprising observations, some of them hitherto unknown or not previously described in the literature. In balloons, these phenomena are due to the non-monotonic pressure-radius characteristic which makes balloons a subject of interest to physicists engaged in stability studies. Here is a situation in which symmetry breaking and hysteresis may be studied analytically, because the stress-stretch relations of rubber - and its non-convex free energy - can be determined explicitly from the kinetic theory of rubber and from non-linear elasticity. Since rubber elasticity and the elasticity of gases are both entropy-induced, a rubber balloon represents a compromise between the entropic tendency of a gas to expand and the entropic tendency of rubber to contract. Thus rubber and rubber balloons furnish instructive paradigms of thermodynamics. This monograph treats the subject at a level appropriate for post-graduate studies.
Complexity theory is the theory of determining the necessary resources for the solution of algorithmic problems and, therefore, the limits of what is possible with the available resources. An understanding of these limits prevents the search for non-existing efficient algorithms. This textbook considers randomization as a key concept and emphasizes the interplay between theory and practice: New branches of complexity theory continue to arise in response to new algorithmic concepts, and its results - such as the theory of NP-completeness - have influenced the development of all areas of computer science. The topics selected have implications for concrete applications, and the significance of complexity theory for today's computer science is stressed throughout.
From a linguistic perspective, it is quanti?cation which makes all the di?- ence between “having no dollars” and “having a lot of dollars”. And it is the meaning of the quanti?er “most” which eventually decides if “Most Ame- cans voted Kerry” or “Most Americans voted Bush” (as it stands). Natural language(NL)quanti?erslike“all”,“almostall”,“many”etc. serveanimp- tant purpose because they permit us to speak about properties of collections, as opposed to describing speci?c individuals only; in technical terms, qu- ti?ers are a ‘second-order’ construct. Thus the quantifying statement “Most Americans voted Bush” asserts that the set of voters of George W. Bush c- prisesthemajorityofAmericans,while“Bushsneezes”onlytellsussomething about a speci?c individual. By describing collections rather than individuals, quanti?ers extend the expressive power of natural languages far beyond that of propositional logic and make them a universal communication medium. Hence language heavily depends on quantifying constructions. These often involve fuzzy concepts like “tall”, and they frequently refer to fuzzy quantities in agreement like “about ten”, “almost all”, “many” etc. In order to exploit this expressive power and make fuzzy quanti?cation available to technical applications, a number of proposals have been made how to model fuzzy quanti?ers in the framework of fuzzy set theory. These approaches usually reduce fuzzy quanti?cation to a comparison of scalar or fuzzy cardinalities [197, 132].
The most exciting and significant episode of scientific progress is the development of thermodynamics and electrodynamics in the 19th century and early 20th century. The nature of heat and temperature was recognized, the conservation of energy was discovered, and the realization that mass and energy are equivalent provided a new fuel, – and unlimited power. Much of this occurred in unison with the rapid technological advance provided by the steam engine, the electric motor, internal combustion engines, refrigeration and the rectification processes of the chemical industry. The availability of cheap power and cheap fuel has had its impact on society: Populations grew, the standard of living increased, the envir- ment became clean, traffic became easy, and life expectancy was raised. Knowledge fairly exploded. The western countries, where all this happened, gained in power and influence, and western culture – scientific culture – spread across the globe, and is still spreading. At the same time, thermodynamics recognized the stochastic and probabilistic aspect of natural processes. It turned out that the doctrine of energy and entropy rules the world; the first ingredient – energy – is deterministic, as it were, and the second – entropy – favours randomness. Both tendencies compete, and they find the precarious balance needed for stability and change alike.
Thermodynamics is the much abused slave of many masters • physicists who love the totally impractical Carnot process, • mechanical engineers who design power stations and refrigerators, • chemists who are successfully synthesizing ammonia and are puzzled by photosynthesis, • meteorologists who calculate cloud bases and predict föhn, boraccia and scirocco, • physico-chemists who vulcanize rubber and build fuel cells, • chemical engineers who rectify natural gas and distil f- mented potato juice, • metallurgists who improve steels and harden surfaces, • - trition counselors who recommend a proper intake of calories, • mechanics who adjust heat exchangers, • architects who construe – and often misconstrue – ch- neys, • biologists who marvel at the height of trees, • air conditioning engineers who design saunas and the ventilation of air plane cabins, • rocket engineers who create supersonic flows, et cetera. Not all of these professional groups need the full depth and breadth of ther- dynamics. For some it is enough to consider a well-stirred tank, for others a s- tionary nozzle flow is essential, and yet others are well-served with the partial d- ferential equation of heat conduction. It is therefore natural that thermodynamics is prone to mutilation; different group-specific meta-thermodynamics’ have emerged which serve the interest of the groups under most circumstances and leave out aspects that are not often needed in their fields.
