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The Northwest Ordinance

The Northwest Ordinance

Robert Alexander

McFarland Co Inc
2017
pokkari
Passed by Congress in July 1787, the Northwest Ordinance laid out the basic form of government for all U.S. territory north of the Ohio River. That summer, the Constitutional Convention drafted the defining document of the American Republic as a whole. A bargain struck between Congress and the Convention outlawed slavery north of the Ohio, but gave Southern states a Congressional and Electoral College representation based on population figures that included slaves--each valued at three-fifths of a free white citizen. Because of this agreement, the western lands acquired from Great Britain after the Revolutionary War were divided into slave and free states--a compromise which, when it failed, precipitated the Civil War 74 years later. For years most historians denied that this political deal took place. Drawing on contemporary letters and documents, this detailed analysis re-examines the Ordinance and how Congress silently permitted the South's "peculiar institution" to move westward.
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Seizing the Ohio Country

Seizing the Ohio Country

Robert Alexander

MCFARLAND CO INC
2024
pokkari
After the American Revolution, land speculators in the United States desired the bottom portion of the current state of Ohio, with the full Northwest Territory being the ultimate prize. Encompassing approximately 200 million acres, gaining this territory became a priority for the developing United Colonies. This land was ceded to the United Colonies, now the United States, when the British government signed the Treaty of Peace in 1783. Focusing on the first decade after the Revolution, this book explains the United States' seizure of territory in Ohio from the Native People who had no desire or intention of parting with their land. The Northwest Ordinance is discussed as a key event influencing how the United States would develop since this act created the desirable Northwest Territory. How the young republic faced the challenge of gaining this territory from the Natives determined exactly what kind of nation it would become.
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Designing Pan-America

Designing Pan-America

Robert Alexander González

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESS
2022
nidottu
Coinciding with the centennial of the Pan American Union (now the Organization of American States), GonzÁlez explores how nineteenth- and twentieth-century U.S. architects and their clients built a visionary Pan-America to promote commerce and cultural exchange between United States and Latin America. Late in the nineteenth century, U.S. commercial and political interests began eyeing the countries of Latin America as plantations, farms, and mines to be accessed by new shipping lines and railroads. As their desire to dominate commerce and trade in the Western Hemisphere grew, these U.S. interests promoted the concept of "Pan-Americanism" to link the United States and Latin America and called on U.S. architects to help set the stage for Pan-Americanism's development. Through international expositions, monuments, and institution building, U.S. architects translated the concept of a united Pan-American sensibility into architectural or built form. In the process, they also constructed an artificial ideological identity-a fictional Pan-America peopled with imaginary Pan-American citizens, the hemispheric loyalists who would support these projects and who were the presumed benefactors of this presumed architecture of unification. Designing Pan-America presents the first examination of the architectural expressions of Pan-Americanism. Concentrating on U.S. architects and their clients, Robert Alexander GonzÁlez demonstrates how they proposed designs reflecting U.S. presumptions and projections about the relationship between the United States and Latin America. This forgotten chapter of American architecture unfolds over the course of a number of international expositions, ranging from the North, Central, and South American Exposition of 1885–1886 in New Orleans to Miami's unrealized Interama fair and San Antonio's HemisFair '68 and encompassing the Pan American Union headquarters building in Washington, D.C. and the creation of the Columbus Memorial Lighthouse in the Dominican Republic.
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