Reprint of the original, first published in 1873.
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1000 tulosta hakusanalla Ray Leight
Reprint of the original, first published in 1863.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1863.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1863.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1863.
The Ray Society
Salzwasser-Verlag
2022
pokkari
The Ray Society
Salzwasser-Verlag
2022
sidottu
X-Ray Crystallography of Biomacromolecules
Albrecht Messerschmidt
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
2007
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Written by one of the most significant contributors to the progress of protein crystallography, this practical guide contains case studies, a troubleshooting section and pointers on data interpretation. It covers the theory, practice and latest achievements in x-ray crystallography, such that any researcher in structural biology will benefit from this extremely clearly written book. Part A covers the theoretical basis and such experimental techniques as principles of x-ray diffraction, solutions for the phase problem and time-resolved x-ray crystallography. Part B includes case studies for different kinds of x-ray crystal structure determination, such as the MIRAS and MAD techniques, molecular replacement, and the difference Fourier technique.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications
Michael Haschke; Jörg Flock; Michael Haller
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
2021
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Provides comprehensive coverage on using X-ray fluorescence for laboratory applications This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation. An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analysesFocuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devicesOffers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and usersCovers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
X-Ray Measurements in the Auroral Zone from July to October 1964
G. Kremser; E. Keppler; A. Bewersdorff; K. H. Saeger; G. Pfotzer; W. Riedler; J. P. Legrand
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
1965
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X-Ray Diffuse Scattering from Self-Organized Mesoscopic Semiconductor Structures
Martin Schmidbauer
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2004
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This monograph represents a critical survey of the outstanding capabilities of X-ray diffuse scattering for the structural characterization of mesoscopic material systems. The mesoscopic regime comprises length scales ranging from a few up to some hundreds of nanometers. It is of particular relevance at semiconductor layer systems where, for example, interface roughness or low-dimensional objects such as quantum dots and quantum wires have attracted much interest. An extensive overview of the present state-of-the-art theory of X-ray diffuse scattering at mesoscopic structures is given followed by a valuable description of various experimental techniques. Selected up-to-date examples are discussed. The aim of the present book is to combine aspects of self-organized growth of mesoscopic structures with corresponding X-ray diffuse scattering experiments.
X-Ray Multiple-Wave Diffraction
Shih-Lin Chang
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2004
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X-ray multiple-wave diffraction, sometimes called multiple diffraction or N-beam diffraction, results from the scattering of X-rays from periodic two or higher-dimensional structures, like 2-d and 3-d crystals and even quasi crystals. The interaction of the X-rays with the periodic arrangement of atoms usually provides structural information about the scatterer. Unlike the usual Bragg reflection, the so-called two-wave diffraction, the multiply diffracted intensities are sensitive to the phases of the structure factors in volved. This gives X-ray multiple-wave diffraction the chance to solve the X-ray phase problem. On the other hand, the condition for generating an X ray multiple-wave diffraction is much more strict than in two-wave cases. This makes X-ray multiple-wave diffraction a useful technique for precise measure ments of crystal lattice constants and the wavelength of radiation sources. Recent progress in the application of this particular diffraction technique to surfaces, thin films, and less ordered systems has demonstrated the diver sity and practicability of the technique for structural research in condensed matter physics, materials sciences, crystallography, and X-ray optics. The first book on this subject, Multiple Diffraction of X-Rays in Crystals, was published in 1984, and intended to give a contemporary review on the fundamental and application aspects of this diffraction.
The use of x rays has moved in the forefront of science and technology in the second half of the 20th century. This progress has been greatly stimulated by the advent of synchrotron x-ray sources in the 1960s. The undulator-based synchrotron radiation sources which have appeared in the last decade of the 20th century gave a new impetus to such development. The brilliance of the x-ray sources has increased by 12 orders of magnitude in 40 years and this trend does not show any signs of stagnation. The future x-ray sources of the 21th century based on free-electron lasers driven by linear accelerators will provide sub-picosecond radiation pulses with by many orders of magnitude higher brilliance and full transverse coherence. The x-ray sources of the newest generation offer a possibility to realize more than ever before the great potential of x-ray optics and, as a consequence, to elaborate new sophisticated instrumentation with unprecedented resolution and eventually to move in new directions of research in x-ray technology, materials science, fundamental physics, life sciences, etc.
Gamma-Ray Bursts
Gilbert Vedrenne; Jean-Luc Atteia
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2009
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Since their discovery was first announced in 1973, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been among the most fascination objects in the universe. While the initial mystery has gone, the fascination continues, sustained by the close connection linking GRBs with some of the most fundamental topics in modern astrophysics and cosmology. Both authors have been active in GRB observations for over two decades and have produced an outstanding account on both the history and the perspectives of GRB research.
Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2001
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The information received from BeppoSAX, Chandra and other instruments in the last two years has more than doubled the number of samples of Gamma-Ray Bursts localized and followed up for afterglow search. This has also increased the interest of astronomers in GRBs. This book reviews the research of the last two years and covers the global properties of GRBs, GRB afterglows, GRB host galaxies, cosmology using GRBs, and theories for GRBs and their afterglows. Theoretical and observational aspects are presented as well as tools for the analysis of the data.
An attempt has been made in this edition of the book to retain the appeal of the first edition even after the addition of new material and the deletion of other matter which no longer appears essential. Major revisions have been made in almost all the chapters to include new developments. The material on EXAFS has been updated and put in a separate chapter. The chapter on experimental methods has been considerably expanded to include energy dispersive techniques. New topics like heavy-ion bremsstrah- lung, X-ray lasers, resonant emission, appearance potential spectroscopy, and EXAFS of high-Tc superconducting materials have been added. It is hoped that readers will find the new edition more useful and attractive. I am grateful to Professor R. H; Pratt, University of Pittsburgh, for reading the revisedversion of the first chapter, to Dr. H. Lotsch, of Springer-Verlag, for encouraging meto revisethe book,and to Prashant and Seemafor helping mein preparing the manuscript. Allahabad, B. K. Agarwal July 1989 Preface to the First Edition Rontgen's discovery of X-rays in 1895launched a subject which became central to the development of modem physics. The verification of many of the predictions of quantum theory by X-ray spectroscopy in the early part of the twentieth century stimulated great interest in this area, which has subsequently influenced fieldsas diverseas chemicalphysics, nuclear physics,and the study of the electronic properties of solids,and led to the development of techniques such as Auger, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
X-Ray Radiation of Highly Charged Ions
Heinrich F. Beyer; H.-J. Kluge; V.P. Shevelko
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
1997
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The physics of highly charged ions continues to be one of the most active and interesting fields of atomic physics. A large fraction of the characteristic radiation of such ions lies in the x-ray region and its spectroscopy represents an important experimental tool. The field of x-ray spectroscopy grew directly from the discovery of x radiation by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen in 1895. The early contributions to atomic physics that arose out of x-ray spectroscopy are well documented and are the subject of many centennial events. In the past, the gross features of most x-ray spectra in the hard x-ray region have been accounted for on a hydrogenic model. In many instances the gross spectral features recorded in the early days of x-ray physics match those observed with state-of-the-art techniques today and many of the early qualitative - terpretations have remained unchanged. It is in the details of the spectra that today's results are superior to those obtained many years ago, and it is in the quantitative and accurate - scriptions that today's predictions are better. A rejuvenation of the field has occurred after the great achievements in the development of new ion sources for production of heavy ions with only one or few electrons. The new tools available to the experimenter allow the exploration of new states of m- ter and allow us to challenge new frontiers in our theoretical understanding of atoms and their interactions with other particles.
X-Ray Spectroscopy in Astrophysics
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
1999
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This volume contains a comprehensive treatment of X-ray spectroscopy, as applied in astrophysics. It is presented in the form of extensive notes of lectures given by seven distinguished scientists at the Tenth Summer School of the European Astrophysics Doctoral Network. The subjects covered are: basic line and continuum radiation processes in X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy; atomic physics of collision- and radiation-dominated plasmas; X-ray spectroscopic observations with ASCA and BeppoSAX; future X-ray spectroscopy missions; X-ray optics, and X-ray spectroscopy instrumentation. The book, which will appeal to both researchers and graduate students, is timely in view of the scheduled launches of the big X-ray observatories AXAF and XMM in 1999.
Cosmic Ray Astrophysics
Reinhard Schlickeiser
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2001
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This book provides an exhaustive account of the origin and dynamics of cosmic rays. Divided into three parts, it first gives an up-to-date summary of the observational data, then -- in the following theory section -- deals with the kinetic description of cosmic ray plasma. The underlying diffusion-convection transport equation, which governs the coupling between cosmic rays and the background plasma, is derived and analyzed in detail. In the third part, several applications of the solutions of the transport equation are presented and how key observations in cosmic ray physics can be accounted for is demonstrated. The applications include cosmic ray modulation, acceleration near shock waves and the galactic propagation of cosmic rays. While the book is primarily of interest to scientists working at the forefront of research, the very careful derivations and explanations make it suitable also as an introduction to the field of cosmic rays for graduate students.
X-Ray Scattering of Soft Matter
Norbert Stribeck
Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. K
2007
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Applications of X-ray scattering to soft matter have advanced considerably within recent years, both conceptually and technically – mature high-power X-ray sources, synchrotrons and rotating anodes, as well as high-speed detectors have become readily available. High-quality time-resolved experiments on polymer structure now can be performed with ease, a major advancement due to the genuine power of the scattering method.This manual summarizes the analytical power of modern X-ray scattering in the field of soft matter. Description of simple tools that can elucidate the mechanisms of structure evolution in the studied materials is followed by a step-by-step guide and breakdown of the more advanced methods. Data analysis based on clear, unequivocal results is rendered simple and straightforward – with a stress on the carefully planning of the experiments and adequate recording of all required data. To this end, this book serves as a useful ready-reference guide.