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Moral Development and Reality

Moral Development and Reality

John C. Gibbs

Oxford University Press Inc
2019
nidottu
Moral Development and Reality explores the nature of moral development, human behavior, and social interconnections. The exploration elucidates the full range of moral development, from superficial perception to a deeper understanding and feeling through social perspective-taking. By comparing, contrasting, and going beyond the key theories of preeminent thinkers Lawrence Kohlberg, Martin Hoffman, and Jonathan Haidt, John C. Gibbs tackles vital questions: What exactly is morality and its development? Can the key theoretical perspectives be integrated? What accounts for prosocial behavior, and how can we understand and treat antisocial behavior? Does moral development, including moments of moral inspiration, reflect a deeper reality? This fourth edition of Moral Development and Reality is thoroughly updated, refined, and expanded. A major addition considers Paul Bloom's important challenge to Hoffman's theory. This book will have broad appeal across academic and applied disciplines in psychology, education, and the helping professions. Complete with case studies and chapter questions, it serves especially well as a text in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in social/developmental psychology and human development.
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Moral Philosophy

Moral Philosophy

D. D. Raphael

Oxford University Press
1994
nidottu
In this new and enlarged edition of a standard introduction to moral philosophy, Professor Raphael shows in clear and simple language the connections between abstract ethics and practical problems in law, government, medicine, and the social sciences in general.
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Moral Psychology with Nietzsche

Moral Psychology with Nietzsche

Brian Leiter

Oxford University Press
2021
nidottu
Brian Leiter defends a set of radical ideas from Nietzsche: there is no objectively true morality, there is no free will, no one is ever morally responsible, and our conscious thoughts and reasoning play almost no significant role in our actions and how our lives unfold. He presents a new interpretation of main themes of Nietzsche's moral psychology, including his anti-realism about value (including epistemic value), his account of moral judgment and its relationship to the emotions, his conception of the will and agency, his scepticism about free will and moral responsibility, his epiphenomenalism about certain kinds of conscious mental states, and his views about the heritability of psychological traits. In combining exegesis with argument, Leiter engages the views of philosophers like Harry Frankfurt, T. M. Scanlon, and Gary Watson, and psychologists including Daniel Wegner, Benjamin Libet, and Stanley Milgram. Nietzsche emerges not simply as a museum piece from the history of ideas, but as a philosopher and psychologist who exceeds David Hume for insight into human nature and the human mind, repeatedly anticipates later developments in empirical psychology, and continues to offer sophisticated and unsettling challenges to much conventional wisdom in both philosophy and psychology.
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Moral Dilemmas

Moral Dilemmas

Oxford University Press Inc
1987
nidottu
The essays in this volume illuminate a central topic in ethical theory: moral dilemmas. Some contemporary philosophers dispute the traditional view that a true moral dilemma - a situation in which a person has two irreconcilable moral duties - cannot exist. The book provides the historical background to the on-going debate with selections from Kant, Mill, Bradley, and Ross. The best recent work is represented in essays by Donagan, Foot, Hare, Marcus, Nagel, van Fraassen, Williams, and others.
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Moral Knowledge?

Moral Knowledge?

Oxford University Press Inc
1996
sidottu
In Moral Knowledge?: New Readings in Moral Epistemology, editors Walter Sinnott-Armstrong and Mark Timmons bring together eleven newly written essays by distinguished moral philosophers exploring the nature and possibility of moral knowledge. Each essay represents a major position within the exciting field of moral epistemology in which a proponent of the position presents and defends his or her view and locates it vis-a-vis competing views. The first chapter, written by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, provides a framework for understanding the basic concepts and viewpoints in moral epistemology and presents a limited skeptical challenge to the justification of moral beliefs. The following essays represent various options in response to moral skepticism. Peter Railton and Simon Blackburn take different stances on moral truth and realism, Robert Audi defends a version of intuitionism, and Geoffrey Sayre-McCord adopts coherentism, while R.M. Hare combines elements of both foundationalism and coherentism. Richard Brandt discusses the relevance of empirical science to moral knowledge, Christopher Morris develops a contractarian account of moral justification, and David Copp bases moral knowledge on rational choices by societies. Margaret Urban Walker aruges for a feminist perspective on moral knowledge, and Mark Timmons expounds contextualism in moral epistemology. The lively and clear selections do not presuppose specialized knowledge of philosophy, and the philosophical vocabulary used throughout the anthology is uniform, in order to facilitate understanding by those not familiar with the field. The first chapter includes a sustained critical discussion of the major views represented in the following chapters, thereby furnishing beginning students with appropriate background to understand the selections. The volume is further enhanced by an index and an extensive bibliography, which is divided into sections corresponding to the chapters of the book. Moral Knowledge provides the most up-to-date work on moral knowledge and justification and serves as an excellent text for undergraduate and graduate courses.
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Moral Knowledge New Readings

Moral Knowledge New Readings

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS INC
1996
nidottu
This is a collection of essays on the topic of moral knowledge. Each paper represents a major position within the field of moral epistemology, and starts by introducing readers to the position the author defends, locating that position vis-a-vis competing views, and explaining technical vocabulary, before going on to argue that position. The papers cover the topics of moral skepticism, contractarianism, projectism, coherentism, feminist skepticism, and pragmatism.
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Moral Discourse and Practice

Moral Discourse and Practice

Oxford University Press Inc
1996
nidottu
CONTENTS & CONTRIBUTORS: . Introducti 1.; rwall, Gibbard, Railton: Toward Fin de Siecle Ethics: Some; Principia Ethica 3. Ludwig Wittgenstein; Lecture on Ethics4. Charles Stevenson; The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms 5. Gilbert Harman; Ethics and Observation 6. J.L. Mackie; Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong III. Meta-Ethics a) Realism 7. Richard Boyd; How to be a Moral Realist 8. Peter Railton; Moral Realism b) Anti-Realism 10. Allan Gibbard; Wise Choices, Apt Feelings c) Sensibility Theories 11. John McDowell; Value and Secondary Properties 12. John McDowell; Projection and Truth in Ethics 13. David Wiggins; A Sensible Subjectivism d) Constructivism 14. John Rawls; Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory 15. T.M. Scanlon; Contractualism and Utilitarianism 16. Jurgen Habermas; Discourse Ethics IV. Reasons, Motives, and the Demands of Morality 17. Stephen Darwall; introductory article 18. Philippa Foot; Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 19. Thomas Nagel; The Possibility of Altruism 20. David Gauthier; Morals by Agreement 21. Bernard Williams; Internal and External Reasons 22. Christine Korsgaard; Skepticism About Practical Reason 23. Christine Korsgaard; The Sources of Normativity Bibliography
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Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character

Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character

Robert Audi

Oxford University Press Inc
1998
sidottu
This book presents an ethical theory that uniquely integrates naturalistic and rationalistic elements. Robert Audi develops his theory in four areas: moral epistemology, the metaphysics of ethics, moral psychology, and the foundations of ethics. Comprising both new and published work, the book sets forth a moderate intuitionism, clarifies the relation between reason and motivation, constructs a theory of intrinsic value and its place in moral obligation, and presents a sophisticated account of moral justification. The concluding chapter articulates a new normative framework built from both Kantian and intuitionist elements. Connecting ethics in novel ways to both the theory of value and the philosophy of action, the essays explore topics such as ethical intuition, reason and judgement, and virtue. Audi also considers major views in the history of ethics, including those of Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Mill, Moore, and W. D. Ross, and engages contemporary work on autonomy, responsibility, objectivity, reasons, and other issues. Clear and conceptually rich, this book makes vital reading for students and scholars of ethics.
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Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character

Moral Knowledge and Ethical Character

Robert Audi

Oxford University Press Inc
1998
nidottu
This book presents an ethical theory that uniquely integrates naturalistic and rationalistic elements. Robert Audi develops his theory in four areas: moral epistemology, the metaphysics of ethics, moral psychology, and the foundations of ethics. Comprising both new and published work, the book sets forth a moderate intuitionism, clarifies the relation between reason and motivation, constructs a theory of intrinsic value and its place in moral obligation, and presents a sophisticated account of moral justification. The concluding chapter articulates a new normative framework built from both Kantian and intuitionist elements. Connecting ethics in novel ways to both the theory of value and the philosophy of action, the essays explore topics such as ethical intuition, reason and judgement, and virtue. Audi also considers major views in the history of ethics, including those of Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Mill, Moore, and W. D. Ross, and engages contemporary work on autonomy, responsibility, objectivity, reasons, and other issues. Clear and conceptually rich, this book makes vital reading for students and scholars of ethics.
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Moral Appraisability

Moral Appraisability

Ishtiyaque Haji

Oxford University Press Inc
1998
sidottu
This book explores a central question of moral philosophy, addressing whether we are morally responsible for certain kinds of actions, intentional omissions, and the consequences deriving therefrom. Haji distinguishes between moral responsibility and a more restrictive category, moral appraisability. To say that a person is appraisable for an action is to say that he or she is deserving either of praise or blame for that action. One of Haji's principal aims is to uncover conditions sufficient for appraisability of actions. He begins with a number of puzzles that serve to structure and organize the issues, each one of which motivates a condition required for appraisability. The core of Haji's analysis involves his examination of three primary types of conditions. According to a control condition, a person must control the action in an appropriate way in order to be appraisable. An autonomy condition permits moral appraisability for an action only if it ultimately derives from a person's authentic evaluative scheme. On Haji's epistemic requirement, moral praiseworthiness or blameworthiness demands belief on the part of the agent in the rightness or wrongness of an action. Haji concludes this portion of his argument by incorporating these conditions into a general principle which outlines sufficient conditions for appraisability. Haji offers a fascinating discussion of the implications of his analysis. He demonstrates that his appraisability concept is applicable to a variety of non-moral kinds of appraisal, such as those involving legal, prudential and etiquette considerations. He looks at crosscultural attributions of blameworthiness and argues that such attributions are frequently mistaken. He considers the case of addicts and suggests that they may not be morally responsible for actions their addictions are said to cause. He even takes up the intriguing question of whether we can be blamed for the thoughts of our dream selves. Engaging with a central metaphysical question in his conclusion, Haji argues that the conditions of moral responsibility he defends are neither undermined by determinism nor threatened by certain varieties of incompatibilism. Addressing a range of little-discussed topics and forging crucial connections between moral theory and moral responsibility, Moral Appraisability is vital reading for students and scholars of moral philosophy, metaphysics, and the philosophy of law.
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Moral Uncertainty and its Consequences

Moral Uncertainty and its Consequences

Ted Lockhart

Oxford University Press Inc
2000
sidottu
We are often uncertain how to behave morally in complex situations. In this controversial study, Ted Lockhart contends that moral philosophy has failed to address how we make such moral decisions. Adapting decision theory to the task of decision-making under moral uncertainly, he proposes that we should not always act how we feel we ought to act, and that sometimes we should act against what we feel to be morally right. Lockhart also discusses abortion extensively and proposes new ways to deal with the ethical and moral issues which surround it.
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Moral Relativism

Moral Relativism

Oxford University Press Inc
2000
nidottu
The volume, the only-up-to-date anthology devoted solely to the topic of moral relativism, includes nineteen contemporary selections. These selections are nontechnical and thus accessible to a wide range of readers, including college undergraduates (at all levels) from various disciplines. The selections fall under fice main headings: (I) General Issues Concerning Moral Relativism; (II) Relativism and Moral Diversity; (III) The Coherence of Moral Relativism; (IV) Defense and Criticism of Moral Relativism; and (V) Relativism, Realism, and Rationality. Given the philosophical prominence and importance of its subject matter, Moral Relativism can serve as a required text for a wide range of undergraduate and graduate university courses on ethics and ethical theory (including introductory courses). To enhance its pedagogical and research value, the book has a substantial general introduction (which includes summaries of each of the nineteen entries), and a topoical bibliography on moral relativism.
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Moral Reality

Moral Reality

Paul Bloomfield

Oxford University Press Inc
2001
sidottu
Over the course of this short, accessible book, Paul Bloomfield offers a rigorous defense of moral realism by developing an ontology for morality which models being morally good on being physically healthy. He develops this model by explaining the metaphysics of moral properties, our epistemic access to them, the structure of moral discourse, and how we become motivated to act morally.
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Moral, Believing Animals

Moral, Believing Animals

Christian Smith

Oxford University Press Inc
2003
sidottu
What kind of animals are human beings? And how do our visions of the human shape our theories of social action and institutions? In Moral, Believing Animals, Christian Smith offers innovative, challenging answers to these and other fundamental questions in sociological, cultural, and religious theory. Smith's work is based on the assumption (unfashionable in certain circles) that human beings have an identifiable and peculiar set of capacities and proclivities that distinguishes them significantly from other animals on this planet. Smith argues that all people are at bottom believers, whose lives, actions, and institutions are constituted, motivated, and governed by narrative traditions and moral orders on which they inescapably depend. This approach - which has profound consequences for how we think about knowledge, culture, social action, institutions, religion, and the task of social sciences - will be of interest to scholars in sociology, social theory, religious and cultural studies, psychology, and anthropology.
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Moral Demands in Nonideal Theory

Moral Demands in Nonideal Theory

Murphy

Oxford University Press Inc
2003
nidottu
Is there a limit to the legitimate demands of morality? In particular, is there a limit to people's responsibility to promote the well-being of others, either directly or via social institutions? Utilitarianism admits no such limit, and is for that reason often said to be an unacceptably demanding moral and political view. In this original new study, Murphy argues that the charge of excessive demands amounts to little more than an affirmation of the status quo. The real problem with utilitarianism is that it makes unfair demands on people who comply with it in our world of non-ideal compliance. Murphy shows that this unfairness does not arise on a collective understanding of our responsibility for others' well being. Thus, according to Murphy, while there is no general problem to be raised about the extent of moral demands, there is a pressing need to acknowledge the collective nature of the demands of beneficence.
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Moral Reality

Moral Reality

Paul Bloomfield

Oxford University Press Inc
2004
nidottu
We typically assume that the standard for what is beautiful lies in the eye of the beholder. Yet this is not the case when we consider morality; what we deem morally good is not usually a matter of opinion. Such thoughts push us toward being realists about moral properties, but a cogent theory of moral realism has long been an elusive philosophical goal. Paul Bloomfield here offers a rigorous defense of moral realism, developing an ontology for morality that models the property of being morally good on the property of being physically healthy. The model is assembled systematically; it first presents the metaphysics of healthiness and goodness, then explains our epistemic access to properties such as these, adds a complementary analysis of the semantics and syntax of moral discourse, and finishes with a discussion of how we become motivated to act morally. Bloomfield closely attends to the traditional challenges facing moral realism, and the discussion nimbly ranges from modern medical theory to ancient theories of virtue, and from animal navigation to the nature of normativity.^l Maintaining a highly readable style throughout, Moral Reality yields one of the most compelling theories of moral realism to date and will appeal to philosophers working on issues in metaphysics or moral philosophy.
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Moral Creativity

Moral Creativity

John Wall

Oxford University Press Inc
2005
sidottu
John Wall argues that moral life is inherently creative. Creativity, he says, is an element not just in the expression of moral sentiments, the application of moral principles, or the formation of moral cultures, but also the very activity of living morally itself. He supports his argument by means of an examination and critique of the moral thought of the French hermeneutical phenomenologist Paul Ricoeur, especially his poetics of will. Wall places Ricoeur's work in the larger context of historical and contemporary conversations about moral transformation. In the process, he draws new connections between sin and tragedy, ethics and poetics, and the moral life and religious mythology. If moral life is creative at its core, Wall argues, it challenges all of these inherited oppositions and demands some fundamental rethinking of the nature and meaning of moral life itself.
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Moral Skepticisms

Moral Skepticisms

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong

Oxford University Press Inc
2006
sidottu
Moral epistemology is the term for thinking about how a moral belief can be justified. All contentious moral issues --from gay marriage to terrorism--raise difficult questions about the formation and status of moral beliefs. If we do form an opinion, how is that belief justified, particularly when others may feel quite differently? And even if we reach a consensus, how is that unanimous belief justified? These questions raise fundamental issues about the nature of morality, language, metaphysics, and justification and knowledge; but they also have tremendous practical importance regarding how to (if indeed we can) resolve controversial moral issues in health care ethics, politics, the law, and education. Most agree that moral nihilism--the idea that moral beliefs simply cannot be justified--is undesirable. Sinnott-Armstrong here provides an extensive survey of this difficult subject, tackling such questions as: Does knowledge require true belief? Are any moral beliefs true, and are any justified? The second half of the book brings into dialogue various moral theories that have grappled with these questions, such as naturalism, normativism, intuitionism, and coherentism, all of which are attempts to answer moral skepticism. Sinnott-Armstrong finds all of these theories lacking in their ability to fight off moral nihilism. He defends his own theory, which he calls "moderate moral skepticism," which argues that some moral beliefs can be modestly justified, but not extremely justified.
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Moral Value and Human Diversity

Moral Value and Human Diversity

Robert Audi

Oxford University Press Inc
2007
sidottu
This short and accessible book is designed for those learning about the search for ethical rules that can apply despite cultural differences. Robert Audi looks at several such attempts: Aristotle, Kant, Mill, and the movement known as 'common-sense' ethics associated with W.D. Ross. He shows how each attempt grew out of its own time and place, yet has some universal qualities that can be used for an ethical framework. This is a short, accessible treatment of a major topic in ethics by a senior and highly-respected figure.
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