Kirjahaku

Etsi kirjoja tekijän nimen, kirjan nimen tai ISBN:n perusteella.

Julkaisuvuosi

Kirjailija

Saint Joseph's College (81) Jessie Graham Flower (24) New York St Joseph's College (22) Josephine Chase (21) St Mary's Seminary-Junior College (19) Anonymous (16) Alma Mater Society of Queen's University (13) U. S. Army War College (11) Joint Forces Staff College (10) John Lord (9) I. Saint Joseph's College (Rensselaer (8) John Marshall Barker (8) College S J (6) Stephen J. Blank; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (5) J. Levin (4) Mabel Cronise Jones (4) Montague Rhodes James (4) Robert Forsyth Scott (4) U.S. Army War College; Stephen J. Blank; Strategic Studies Institute (4) James Heintz; Robert Parry (4) Charles John Plumptre (4) J. T. Champlin (3) Thomas Gaffney Taaffe (3) J J S Perowne (3) Joseph C Whitney (3) J J Stewart 1823-1904 Perowne (3) John A Brewster (3) John Fisher (3) James Deitz; James Southam (3) Clarence J. Bouchat; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (3) Jeffrey L. Caton; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (3) James Hadley (3) Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (3) Joseph H Allen; James B Greenough (3) John Robert Lunn (3) John Robert Lun (3) Jerome Rosenberg; Lawrence Epstein; Peter Krieger (2) Jon Sterngass (2) J. S. Ratti; Marcus McWaters; Leslaw Skrzypek (2) R. Hair (2) J. Levin; S. Kater (2) Clidie B. Cook; William J. Ekeler; Ruby D. Higgins; R Mclaran Sawyer; Keith Prichard (2) Heather Robinson; Jonathan Hall; Nela Navarro (2) Brian J. McVeigh (2) James Arthur (2) J F C Harrison (2) Dianne Zager; Carol S Alpern; Barbara McKeon; Janet Mulvey; Sue Maxam (2) William Kennedy (2) Walter Besant (2) Henry James Prince (2) Josiah Bateman (2) Donald J McLachlan Professor of History David M (Stanford University John Jay College of Criminal Justice Kennedy; Cohen Lizabeth; Thomas Bailey (2) VanderMey Randall; John Van Rys; Sebranek Patrick; Meyer Verne (2) Paul Ramsey; John Frederick Wilson (2) Margaret Jones; John (both Lecturers Siraj-Blatchford (2) James Martin; James E. Samels (2) Joan Marie Johnson (2) J. E. (Jean Edmond) 1870-1942 Mansion (2) Pearl River Junior College and High S (2) John H. Sutherland (2) F. J. C. Hearnshaw (2) Savannah State College (Ga ) (2) Eleanor Jones Author Hutchinson (2) Amy Ella Blanchard (2) John Bogart (2) John Lamb; Robert Masters (2) Joseph Albertus Culler (2) John Belton O'Neall (2) Justin Smith 1810-1898 Morrill (2) Jayme L. Renfro (2) John Hunter Smith (2) John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow (2) Thomas John Proctor Carter (2) James Bass Mullinger (2) William Rotherham (2) Arthur Jay Klein (2) Alvin J. Schexnider (2) J. Scherer; M. Anson (2) Griffin Higgs; Philip Bliss; St. John's College Oxford University (2) Richard William Jelf (2) William Ludlam (2) Joseph Bromehead (2) Joseph Rawson (2) John Ayliffe (2) James Miller (2) Thomas James (2) Thomas Thompson (2) Peter Barwick (2) Abraham Cornelison (2) John Witherspoon (2) Russell Morgan Cooper; J. L. Morrill (2) J Boone Bartholomees (2) James S. Corum; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (2) Jean-Loup Samaan; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (2) John R. Deni; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (2) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Jeffrey L. Caton (2) Jane Fales (2) Alpheus Spring Packard (2) Jessie G Flower (2) James Tift Champlin (2) James Dwight Dana (2) Menah Pratt-Clarke (2) Jeremiah J. Sims; Jennifer Taylor-Mendoza; Lasana O. Hotep; Jeramy Wallace; Tabitha Conaway (2) Ron Parker (2) Gregory J Kaliss (2) Jonathan Tummons; Kevin Orr; Liz Atkins (2) William E. Bailey; Daryl D. Green (2) Jeffrey Vaske (2) J. Michael Hodgson; Sandra L. Caron (2) Jennifer Taylor Hall (2) Naval War College Press; Jan S. Breemer (2) Joint Military Intelligence College (2) Ipe M Ipe; Agnes S Ipe (2) Sam Christian (2) Air Command and Staff College (2) Usmc Command and Staff College (2) Cheryl J Harris-Woods (2) Andrea Lynn (2) Joshua S. Wyner; Anthony P. Carnevale (2) Christine Johnson McPhail; Kimberly Beatty (2) S. Jay Kuder; Amy Accardo; John Woodruff (2) Richard M. Southall; Mark S. Nagel; Ellen J. Staurowsky; Richard T. Karcher; Joel G. Maxcy (2) Jeffrey Selingo (2) 99 Notes (2) J. P. Miller (2) John Vandemoer (2) Andy G Jones (2) Judy Scales-Trent (2) Gaillard (2) Jacques-Pierre Pointe (2) Jerry Crawford II (2) Denis Heron; W. Neilson Hancock (2) J T Champlin (2) J B Greenough; G L Kittredge; A A Howard (2) Benjamin Morgan Cowie (2) John James Stewart Perowne (2) Walter Besant; George Frederick Nicholl (2) John Hall (2) James Harrison Rigg (2) James Abernethy (2) Sophia Jex Blake (2) Jennifer Dela Cruz (2) J George Hodgins (2) Lynn F Jacobs; Jeremy S Hyman (1) Armen Keteyian; John Talty (1) David J. Braverman (1) Estelle Meislich; Herbert Meislich; Jacob Sharefkin (1) Janet Elder (1) Ratti J. S.; Marcus S. McWaters; Skrzypek Leslaw (1) Cheryl Cleaves; Margie Hobbs; Jeffrey Noble (1) Patricia S. Herzog; Casey T. Harris; Shauna A. Morimoto; Shane W. Barker; Jill G. Wheeler; A. Justin Barnum; Terrance L. Boyd (1) Ruthellen Josselson (1) Komandur Murty; Julian Roebuck (1) Serbrenia J. Sims (1) Susan R. Jones; Elisa S. Abes; Marcia B. Baxter Magolda (1) Jim Harter (1) Les (Lake Forest College) Dlabay; Steven A. (Professor Eggland; James (North Carolina State University) Burrow (1) Students of St. Joseph's College (1) Sophia Jex-blake (1) John Davidson (1) James David Phillips; Herbert Denny Orth (1) Nicholas Amhurst (1) John Schwaiger (1) Andrea James (1) Valerie J. McMahon; Sean J. McMahon (1) J a Naumann (1) Jessica L. Brown (1) Jay Brody (1) Deshannee' D Johnice (1) Sharon Jones; Marcia Harris (1) M. Johnson-Smith (1) James a. Tharp (1) Professor of History David M (Stanford University John Jay College of Criminal Justice Kennedy; Cohen Lizabeth; Thomas Bailey (1) Library Of the Late John Byrom (1) David S Snedden (1) Balfour Stewart (1) Southern Educational Association (1) John W. Padberg (1) Thomas R. Bailey; Shanna Smith Jaggars; Davis Jenkins (1) Jill Ker Conway (1) Elizabeth Rochelle Feeljoy (1) Jack L. Osborn; Tucker J. Stein (1) Jared S. Taylor (1) Geoff Plourde (1) Jeacock (1) Nancy Siegel Ph. D. (1) Linda (St John's College McDowell (1) Daniel James Rowley; Herbert Sherman (1) John Hupalo; Peter Mazareas (1) Elmer John Thiessen (1) Daniel James Rowley; Herman D. Lujan; Michael G. Dolence (1) Lisa R. Lattuca; Joan S. Stark (1) John R. Thelin (1) Jeffrey LaBelle; Daniel Kendall (1) James A Berlin (1) Larry J Anderson (1) John Dennis McCallum (1) Michael T. Rizzi (1) James Lloyd Winstead (1) Jonathan Morrow; John Stonestreet (1) Beth J. Asch; David S. Loughran (1) S.J. Himsworth (1) Robert Jensen; Ray Giles (1) Joe N. Prince (1) Charles Finley; Richard I. Miller; Candace S. Vancko (1) Scott Mandelbrote; John H.R. Davis (1) J. W. Goodison (1) James J. Walsh (1) T. J. Johnson (1) Joseph F. Hurley (1) J.D. Rothman (1) John S. Groleau Groleau Msfs (1) Justin Rich (1) Janay Haas Jd (1) David DeLong (1) C J Shane (1) John Mikaelian (1) Jayla Koriyan (1) Joseph Roy Geiger (1) Martin Emerson Brandt (1) J. Howell (Joseph Howell) 1865- Way; L. B. (Lewis Burgin) B. 1869 McBrayer (1) St Teresa's College (1) New Jersey State Teacher's College at (1) Alvin Kornelius Banman (1) College of St Teresa (1) Ohio) CL St John's College (Toledo (1) Robert Forsyth Scott; E H (Edmund Hort) New (1) Julie Zeilinger; Anna Koppelman (1) Hannah Erickson (1) Michael J. Youmans (1) B. J. Hoeptner Evans (1) John Fisher; J. (EDT) Hymers; Thomas Baker (1) William (EDT) Johnston (1) Carter Alexander; Charles Hughes Johnston; William Carl Ruediger (1) Joseph Cajot (1) Richard Radcliffe; John James (1) J. B. Bilderbeck (1) William Henry Samuel Jones (1) Montague Rhodes James; Kenneth Harrison (1) Lori D. Patton; Kristen A. Renn; Florence M. Guido; Stephen John Quaye; Nancy J. Evans; Deanna S. Forney (1) Lynn F. Jacobs; Jeremy S. Hyman; Jeffrey Durso-Finley; Jonah T. Hyman (1) Linda J. Sax; Alexander W. Astin; Helen S. Astin (1) Lynn F. Jacobs; Jeremy S. Hyman (1) Thomas E. (Temple University) Getzen; Michael S. (Jefferson College of Population Health; Blue Cross B Kobernick (1) James S. Cooley (1) John Peile (1) St. John's University (1) John S. Levin (1) Jan Osborn (1) Joseph Drioux (1) George Fearn Reyner (1) John F. Gray (1) Frederick Charles Woodhouse (1) James Marriott (1) Lewis (Christ Church College Carroll; John Tenniel (1) Samuel Johnson (1) James Lord Grange Erskine; James Maidment (1) Thomas Holme Hagner (1) Richard Radcliffe; John James; Jonathan Boucher (1) Jerry Barca (1) John Wesley Hughes; H. C. Morrison (1) American Methodist Committee (1) Emil Oliver Jorgensen (1) Henry Alexander Grubbs; John C. Lapp (1) Roy Joseph Deferrari (1) James I. Doi; Keith L. Scott; Enock C. Dyrness (1) Edward Safford Jones; Robert L. Kelly (1) William Ernest Jorgensen; S. H. Graf (1) Commission Restoration Enlargement (1) William W. Edel (1) Mary John Francis Schuh (1) Newton Diehl Baker (1) George A McConnell; Jno A Hibler (1) Fred S LeBlanc (1) William S Reeves; Melvin L Wulf (1) Sheldon L Greene; Evelle J Younger (1) C William Tayler; Charles S Rhyne (1) J. S. Ratti; Marcus McWaters (1) Caius Sallustius Crispus; William M a Rose (1) Caius Julius Caesar; William Bingham (1) Matthew J Machon (1) Jason T Jorgensen (1) John Singleton Mosby; James Ewell Brown Stuart (1) John Saunders (1) John Graves Simcoe (1) S L J (1) Hopley Catharine Cooper (1) William Hypolitus Keating; James Edward Colhoun (1) Isaac Tullie; Samuel Jefferson (1) George Paget; Cecil Stratford Paget (1) Jinbu Kim (1) Robert Rogers (1) Grover Flint; John Fiske (1) Francis Seymour Larpent; George Gerard Larpent (1) Francis Seymour Larpent; George Gerard De Hochepied Larpent (1) James A Van Loben Sels (1) Juerg Studer (1) Eric S Fowler (1) Zebulon Montgomery Pike (1) Richard Swainson Fisher; Joseph Hutchinson Colton (1) Joseph Jones (1) John Young (1) Strategic Studies Institute; Jonathan Pearl; U.S. Army War College (1) Paul Kamolnick; The Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Jack A. LeCuyer; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (1) Frank L. Jones; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (1) Tom Nichols; Douglas Stuart; Jeffrey D. McCausland; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (1) Tarek Saadawi; Louis Jordan; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Janusz Bugajski; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Gerald McLoughlin; Clarence J. Bouchat; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Richard M. Meinhart; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Joseph R. Cerami; Robert H. Dorff; Matthew H. Harber; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) John B. Richardson IV; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Richard J. Krickus; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Samuel J. Newland; Clayton K.S. Chun; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Msc Janet Tully; Stephen Murgatroyd (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Antulio J. Echevarria II (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Jack J. Porter (1) Stephen J. Blank; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Richard Weitz (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Casey Wardynski; David S. Lyle; Michael J. Colarusso (1) Roy A. Wallace; David S. Lyle; John Z. Smith; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Robert J. Bunker; John P. Sullivan; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Stephen J. Gerras; Leonard Wong; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) John R. Deni; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Steven J. Whitmore (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; J. Peter Pham (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; James Igoe Walsh (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Dona J. Stewart (1) Michael J. Colarusso; David S. Lyle; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Michael J. Fratantuono; David M. Sarcone; Jr. Colwell (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; John R. Deni (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Larry P. Goodson; Thomas H. Johnson (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Joel R. Hillison (1) Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; William T. Johnsen (1) David S. Lyle; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College; Michael J. Colarusso; Raven Bukowski; John Childress (1) U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute; Jr. Robert L. Caslen; Colonel Cindy R. Jebb; Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Gade; Cadet Hope C. Landsem (1) U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute; Gary J. Schmitt (1) Leonard Wong; Stephen J. Gerras; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Colin S. Gray; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Ty Seidule; Jacqueline Whitt; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (1) Gary J. Schmitt; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Jr. Atkinson; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Robert J. Bunker; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) James Igoe Walsh; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Joseph R. Cerami; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Glenn J. Voelz; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Michael J. Mazarr; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Christopher J. Sims; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) James Lacey; Strategic Studies Institute; U.S. Army War College (1) Merl Code (1) Ernst Rudolph Breslich (1) Stephen J. Blank; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) (1) John R. Deni; U.S. Army War College; Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) (1) Benedictus (Papa (1) Walter Abbott; William S Fields (1) Frances Juliette Hosford (1) Earnestine Bennett-Johnson (1) New York (State) Commission to Examine I (1) Charles Sedgwick May (1) John T Huntington (1) Johann N. Neem (1) Mary L. Churchill; David J. Chard (1) Jonathan S. Gagliardi (1) John Groesbeck (1) Livy (1) Eben Edwards Beardsley (1) John Johnston (1) John Mulligan (1) MR Bob Roth (1) George L. Craik (1) Robert Southey (1) William Henry Fraser; John Squair (1) John William Draper (1) Edward Hitchcock; Edward Hitchcock Jr. (1) Julia Augusta Schwartz (1) Frederick J. Mouat (1) Theodore Dwight Jr. (1) Joseph Wilson (1) Peter John (EDT) Anderson (1) Dwight Lyman Moody; T. J. (EDT) Shanks (1) Candace R. Jackson (1) Larry J. Walker; Ramon B. Goings (1) Jessica Albrecht (1) Deb Jacobson (1) Thomas B. Jones (1) J. Boone Barthlomees Jr (1) J. Boone Bartolomees Jr (1) Kellon J. Hassenstab (1) Naval War College Press; D. Phil John B. Hattendorf (1) Naval War College Press; Jr. Owen R. Cote (1) David G. Freymann; Naval War College Press; U. S. Navy Admiral J. Paul Reason (1) U. S. Army War College; U. S. Department of Defense (1) Simeon G. Silverio Jr (1) J. Boone Bartholomees Jr (1) Daniel J. Carpenter Jr; U. S. Department of Homeland Security (1) Joint Military Intelligence College; Melanie M. H. Gutjahr (1) Strategic Studie U. S. Army War College (1) Jeffrey C. Reynolds; Bert B. Tussing (1) Julian D. Howard (1) Jim D. Wilhelm (1) Jon Schiller (1) Rose M. Sumlin (1) Paul Sutliff (1) Jean-Claude Carvill (1) Jill Constantino (1) Josimar Lee-Kane Hordatt (1) Jason Birkenstock (1) Zachary J. Boever (1) J. M. Landin Ph. D. (1) U. S. Command and General Staff College (1) Ja'net Adams (1) Naval War College (1) Jacob Hammer (1) Antonio R. Longoria Jr (1) U. S. Army War College Press; Strategic Studies Institute (1) Liam E. Flynn (1) Ruben Johnson (1) T. C. Mini; S. T. Janetius (1) Jonathan Golding; Philipp Kraemer; David Royse (1) Jonathan Golding (1) John Janovy Jr (1) William G. Armstrong Jr (1) Joseph E. Hornback (1) Dodie Johnston (1) Roderick Van Daniel (1) J. M. Landin Phd (1) Solveig Brownfeld; James E. Lightfoot; James S. Major (1) Japhet N. Makia; Elner J. Makia (1) Bill Millard (1) Michael S. Penrod (1) Lisa Vento Nielsen (1) U. S. Department of Justice (1) Robert Of St John's College Snow (1) Richard a. Miler (1) Jaxon Grant (1) Harry Starn Jr (1) Erik D. Johnson (1) Journals and Notebooks (1) Curtis Wilkins Jr (1) Jayson M. Spade; U. S. Army War College (1) James W. Lucas (1) Mark Jarema (1) Jamie L. Reich P. D.; Wesley Berkowitz Ph. D. (1) George D. Kuh; John H. Schuh; Elizabeth J. Whitt (1) Arlene Rodda Quaratiello; Jane Devine (1) Judith Hicks Stiehm (1) Wendy S Enelow (1) Linda A. Dimeff; John S. Baer; Daniel R. Kivlahan; G. Alan Marlatt (1) Thomas Rutherforth (1) Scott T. Walters; John S. Baer (1) Jill M Gladstein; Dara Rossman Regaignon (1) Andrew Johnson; John Wesley Hughes (1) Jay B Young (1) C. J. Duvall Jr (1) Jolis Cadeaux Anniversaires Publishing (1) Joseph Martin Stevenson; Karen Wilson- Stevenson (1) David R. Karp; Marilyn Armour (1) James W. Wilcox Jr (1) Julie A. Edmunds; Fatih Unlu; Elizabeth J. Glennie; Nina Arshavsky (1) Gordon S Jackson (1) Jeff Page (1) Elizabeth Bauman (1) Jennifer Cook DeRosa (1) Julie S. Bettinger; Jim Bettinger (1) Jay R Ashbaucher (1) Joe Brickner (1) Jenifer L. Price Lmsw (1) Malcolm Mulholland (1) Kenneth Buckley; Jeffrey S. Stubbs; Michael C. Estepp (1) Brian Gorman; Jennifer Roth-Burnette (1) U. S. Naval War College (1) Army War College (1) Translated by SIR THOMAS HEATH (1) Jim Gibson; Sandra Gibson (1) Johnny Jones (1) Curthoys Judith (1) Cynthia L. Jackson; Eleanor F. Nunn (1) David Middlewood; Jacky Lumby (1) Jonathan Rippon; Penny Cleobury (1) Amabel Craig (1) Jane Geddes (1) Jane Thierfeld Brown; Lorraine E. Wolf; Lisa King; G. Ruth Kukiela Bork (1) Jeff Anstine (1) C S Johnson (1) Rebecca Price Janney (1) Jane Thierfield Brown; Lorraine Wolf (1) Strategic Studies Institute; Clarence J. Bouchat; United States Army War College (1) John S. Borden (1) Grace Bible College (1) Robert E. Mulcahy; John Samerjan (1) India Jonassaint (1) John Winfrey (1) Sharon A Mitchell (1) Sejourne-X-A (1) Sans Auteur (1) C Nadaillac; Joseph Rousseau (1) François-Jean-Baptiste Noël (1) Coustau-Pader (1) L Gosse Fabin (1) France Parlement (1) France (1) F Alcan (1) Callias (1) Sée (1) Nicolas Boileau (1) Le R P Orhand (1) James Bwerazuva (1) John Seymour Wood (1) Joseph Henry Allen; James Bradstreet Greenough (1) Balfour Stewart; William Winson Haldane Gee (1) Thomas G Taaffe (1) William Holden Hutton (1) St John's College (1) Sophia Jex-Blake (1) Jacob W. Shoemaker (1) Joseph Wells (1) Edward J. Young (1) Anonym (1) Jason B. Culp (1) James M. Garnett (1) D. H. Riddle (1) John Allen Wood (1) Enoch Cobb Wines (1) Daniel Warren Poor; William Cole Esty (1) John Stemmer (1) John Brender (1) Emmanuel Jean Francois (1) Jafred Muyaka; Violet Wawire; Maurice Makatiani (1) Johnston Leigh Ann (1) Chen Xiao Jean (1) Angelo S J a Rex (1) Zheng Jun (1) Babalola Gideon (1) Henry Chukwudi John (1) Joshua Girling Fitch (1) S J John D Savard (1) Yomi Daramola; Julius Adeoye (1) Henry Festing Jones (1) Bhaskar Poldas; Angela Jain (1) T.A. Karpova; A.S. Voskovskaja; M.V. Melnichuk (1) Jenifer Blanco Bejarano (1) Joanna Tay-Lim (1) Olusola Adeyanju; John Nsiegbunam (1) James Dada Mohammed (1) Joseph Owuor Owino (1) Enrique Picardal; Jade Jornales (1) George Keil (1) John Smyth (1) John Merle Coulter; Charles Reid Barnes (1) Edward S Joynes (1) J Volney Lewis (1) Joseph S Ames (1) John Coleman Fergusson (1) Joseph Foster (1) Peter John Anderson (1) Hugh S Fullerton (1) John Charles McNeill (1) James Branch Cabell (1) Frances Jenkins Olcott; Children's Literature (1) Amy E Blanchard (1) Jhilam Chattaraj (1)