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1000 tulosta hakusanalla Jeremy & Emily Wells
Vocabulary of 2-Year-Olds Learning English and an Additional Language: Norms and Effects of Linguistic Distance
Caroline Floccia; Thomas D Sambrook; Claire Delle Luche; Rosa Kwok; Jeremy Goslin; Laurence White; Allegra Cattani; Emily Sullivan; Kirsten Abbot-Smith; Andrea Krott; Debbie Mills; Caroline Rowland; Judit Gervain; Kim Plunkett
John Wiley Sons Inc
2018
nidottu
The majority of the world’s children grow up learning two or more languages. The study of early bilingualism is central to current psycholinguistics, offering insights into issues such as transfer and interference in development. From an applied perspective, it poses a universal challenge to language assessment practices throughout childhood, as typically developing bilingual children usually underperform relative to monolingual norms when assessed in one language only. We measured vocabulary with Communicative Development Inventories for 372 24-month-old toddlers learning British English and one Additional Language out of a diverse set of 13 (Bengali, Cantonese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hindi-Urdu, Italian, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish and Welsh). We furthered theoretical understanding of bilingual development by showing, for the first time, that linguistic distance between the child’s two languages predicts vocabulary outcome, with phonological overlap related to expressive vocabulary, and word order typology and morphological complexity related to receptive vocabulary, in the Additional Language. Our study also has crucial clinical implications: we have developed the first bilingual norms for expressive and receptive vocabulary for 24-month-olds learning British English and an Additional Language. These norms were derived from factors identified as uniquely predicting CDI vocabulary measures: the relative amount of English versus the Additional Language in child-directed input and parental overheard speech, and infant gender. The resulting UKBTAT tool was able to accurately predict the English vocabulary of an additional group of 58 bilinguals learning an Additional Language outside our target range. This offers a pragmatic method for the assessment of children in the majority language when no tool exists in the Additional Language. Our findings also suggest that the effect of linguistic distance might extend beyond bilinguals’ acquisition of early vocabulary to encompass broader cognitive processes, and could constitute a key factor in the study of the debated bilingual advantage.
Jeremy
KESSINGER PUBLISHING, LLC
2007
pokkari
JEREMY SCOTTOver the last twenty years, American designer Jeremy Scott shocked and awed fashion critics and lovers alike with his bright colours, comical prints and frequent shows of outrageous designs. Constantly pushing the boundaries in fashion, Scott's mark on the fashion landscape led to a breakdown in consumer barriers by blurring the lines between high and low culture. He endured a rough childhood, so he grew up strong. Many of his job applications were rejected, so he became his own boss. He has listened to criticisms of his works, but continues to create fashion people can enjoy. Withstanding tireless adversity, the designer has never let anything stand in the way of his passion and creativity.An audience of drag queens, club scene members and fashion cognoscenti gather at Scott's fashion shows. These eccentrics form the core of Scott's plight to break free of the bindings the fashion industry tries to wrap around him. He is a true renegade: someone with unconventional ideas and methods, resisting the norm through all means.AUTHOR CHARLIE O'BRIENA culture enthusiast with a deeply-held passion for the written word, Charlie O'Brien graduated from Griffith University with a Bachelors in Communication and the dedication to become a professional writer. Charlie worked in high fashion for over six years with esteemed international brands Ralph Lauren and Hugo Boss, making him the perfect fit for the fast-paced world of couture literature. He prefers the substance of timeless style over fleeting fashion trends and firmly believes all men look better in suits.When not writing about fashion Charlie can be found indulging his love of cinema, music and an eternal quest to find the greatest sandwich in the world. His most recent masterpiece involved beef cheeks, Swiss cheese and pesto on toasted sourdough.
