Cutaneous melanoma is the most fatal type of skin cancer. The steady increase in incidence and static mortality rates have intensified the need to improve melanoma therapeutics. Constitutive activation of the growth signaling mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, frequently due to mutations in the proto-oncoprotein BRAF (BRAFV600E), has been found to provide the perpetual mitogenic signal needed for continued proliferation in many cancers, including melanoma. Although direct targeting of BRAF signaling has had some benefit for patients in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, it does not suffice in providing a lasting cure among the majority of responders due to acquired resistance. Additionally, a large subset of patients, who contain mutant BRAF, do not respond to BRAF inhibition due to intrinsic resistance. Because of the high occurrence of activating BRAF mutations in melanoma and other cancers and the limited efficacy of MAPK pathway targeting drugs due to acquired and intrinsic resistance, there is an immense need to identify additional strategies that can be used to safely increase the efficacy of MAPK pathway inhibitors. Here we demonstrate that the serine/threonine p21 activated kinase (PAK1) is a converging point used by several pathways to provide resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors. Moreover, PAK1 inhibition can revert acquired and intrinsic resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors. In addition, we show that polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3) can modulate MAPK pathway inhibitor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Concurrently, there is a significant correlation of increased PLK3 expression in relapsed patient tumors and in many melanoma cell lines that are relatively resistant to MAPK pathway inhibitors. We have also identified that increased stimulation of the serine/threonine kinase, AKT, which itself has be shown to drive cancer progression and resistance to many types of therapy, including BRAF inhibitors, enhances cellular toxicity associated with exposure to increased temperatures. Our results identify patient subgroups who are at high risk for failure to current targeted therapeutics used for the treatment of BRAF mutated cancers. Additionally, we identify novel avenues which could be targeted to increase the efficacy of MAPK pathway inhibitors in melanoma and other BRAF mutated cancers. Our findings also support hyperthermia as a therapeutic approach which could be used to selectivity target a wide range of cancers cells with increased AKT signaling.
L'objectif de ce travail est d' valuer l'effet de la qualit des institutions sur la transformation structurelle en Afrique subsaharienne. De mani re sp cifique, il s'agit d' valuer l'effet des indicateurs de mesure de la qualit des institutions sur l'industrialisation des pays de l'Afrique Subsaharienne d'une part, et sur la diversification de leurs exportations d'autres part. Pour ce faire, nous avons dans un premier temps, estim un mod le de panel dynamique par la m thode des moments g n ralis s en syst me, pour valuer l'effet de la qualit des institutions sur l'industrialisation; et dans un deuxi me temps, nous avons estim un panel simple par la m thode des doubles moindres carr s pour analyser l'effet de la qualit des institutions sur la diversification des exportations. Les donn es utilis es proviennent des bases de la Banque Mondiale (World Development Indicators, de la CNUCED (UNCTADSTAT), et de la Banque Africaine de D veloppement (AIDI). Ces donn es couvrent un chantillon de 46 pays sur la p riode 2002-2018. Les r sultats auxquels nous sommes parvenus montrent, d'une mani re g n rale, que la qualit des institutions am liore la transformation structurelle.
