A hist ria de Abra o, patriarca do povo judeu e considerado "pai da f ", uma saga pica das mais comoventes e inspiradoras da B blia. Em Abra o encontramos um homem que cr de maneira inequ voca nas promessas do Senhor.Contudo, ainda hoje causa espanto o epis dio em que Deus ordena a Abra o que sacrifique seu filho Isaque. Que li es podemos extrair de um acontecimento t o dram tico? Em Quando nossa f provada, Marcelo Aguiar, em seu conhecido estilo claro e pastoral, aponta palavras de conforto e esperan a para quem precisa lidar com as inevit veis adversidades da vida.
This research monograph integrates ideas from category theory, algebra and combinatorics. It is organised in three parts. Part I belongs to the realm of category theory. It reviews some of the foundational work of Bénabou, Eilenberg, Kelly and Mac Lane on monoidal categories and of Joyal and Street on braided monoidal categories, and proceeds to study higher monoidal categories and higher monoidal functors. Special attention is devoted to the notion of a bilax monoidal functor which plays a central role in this work. Combinatorics and geometry are the theme of Part II. Joyal's species constitute a good framework for the study of algebraic structures associated to combinatorial objects. This part discusses the category of species focusing particularly on the Hopf monoids therein. The notion of a Hopf monoid in species parallels that of a Hopf algebra and reflects the manner in which combinatorial structures compose and decompose. Numerous examples of Hopf monoids are given in the text. These are constructed from combinatorial and geometric data and inspired by ideas of Rota and Tits' theory of Coxeter complexes. Part III is of an algebraic nature and shows how ideas in Parts I and II lead to a unified approach to Hopf algebras. The main step is the construction of Fock functors from species to graded vector spaces. These functors are bilax monoidal and thus translate Hopf monoids in species to graded Hopf algebras. This functorial construction of Hopf algebras encompasses both quantum groups and the Hopf algebras of recent prominence in the combinatorics literature. The monograph opens a vast new area of research. It is written with clarity and sufficient detail to make it accessible to advanced graduate students. Titles in this series are co-published with the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques.|This research monograph integrates ideas from category theory, algebra and combinatorics. It is organised in three parts. Part I belongs to the realm of category theory. It reviews some of the foundational work of Bénabou, Eilenberg, Kelly and Mac Lane on monoidal categories and of Joyal and Street on braided monoidal categories, and proceeds to study higher monoidal categories and higher monoidal functors. Special attention is devoted to the notion of a bilax monoidal functor which plays a central role in this work. Combinatorics and geometry are the theme of Part II. Joyal's species constitute a good framework for the study of algebraic structures associated to combinatorial objects. This part discusses the category of species focusing particularly on the Hopf monoids therein. The notion of a Hopf monoid in species parallels that of a Hopf algebra and reflects the manner in which combinatorial structures compose and decompose. Numerous examples of Hopf monoids are given in the text. These are constructed from combinatorial and geometric data and inspired by ideas of Rota and Tits' theory of Coxeter complexes. Part III is of an algebraic nature and shows how ideas in Parts I and II lead to a unified approach to Hopf algebras. The main step is the construction of Fock functors from species to graded vector spaces. These functors are bilax monoidal and thus translate Hopf monoids in species to graded Hopf algebras. This functorial construction of Hopf algebras encompasses both quantum groups and the Hopf algebras of recent prominence in the combinatorics literature. The monograph opens a vast new area of research. It is written with clarity and sufficient detail to make it accessible to advanced graduate students. Titles in this series are co-published with the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in the setting of a real reflection arrangement. The central notion is that of a Coxeter bialgebra which generalizes the classical notion of a connected graded Hopf algebra. The authors also introduce the more structured notion of a Coxeter bimonoid and connect the two notions via a family of functors called Fock functors. These generalize similar functors connecting Hopf monoids in the category of Joyal species and connected graded Hopf algebras. This monograph opens a new chapter in Coxeter theory as well as in Hopf theory, connecting the two. It also relates fruitfully to many other areas of mathematics such as discrete geometry, semigroup theory, associative algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory. It is carefully written, with effective use of tables, diagrams, pictures, and summaries. It will be of interest to students and researchers alike.
The goal of this monograph is to develop Hopf theory in a new setting which features centrally a real hyperplane arrangement. The new theory is parallel to the classical theory of connected Hopf algebras, and relates to it when specialized to the braid arrangement. Joyal's theory of combinatorial species, ideas from Tits' theory of buildings, and Rota's work on incidence algebras inspire and find a common expression in this theory. The authors introduce notions of monoid, comonoid, bimonoid, and Lie monoid relative to a fixed hyperplane arrangement. They also construct universal bimonoids by using generalizations of the classical notions of shuffle and quasishuffle, and establish the Borel–Hopf, Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt, and Cartier–Milnor–Moore theorems in this setting. This monograph opens a vast new area of research. It will be of interest to students and researchers working in the areas of hyperplane arrangements, semigroup theory, Hopf algebras, algebraic Lie theory, operads, and category theory.
Generalized permutahedra are polytopes that arise in combinatorics, algebraic geometry, representation theory, topology, and optimization. They possess a rich combinatorial structure. Out of this structure we build a Hopf monoid in the category of species.Species provide a unifying framework for organizing families of combinatorial objects. Many species carry a Hopf monoid structure and are related to generalized permutahedra by means of morphisms of Hopf monoids. This includes the species of graphs, matroids, posets, set partitions, linear graphs, hypergraphs, simplicial complexes, and building sets, among others. We employ this algebraic structure to define and study polynomial invariants of the various combinatorial structures.
The authors present introductory material in algebraic topology from a novel point of view in using a homotopy-theoretic approach. This carefully written book can be read by any student who knows some topology, providing a useful method to quickly learn this novel homotopy-theoretic point of view of algebraic topology.
The authors present introductory material in algebraic topology from a novel point of view in using a homotopy-theoretic approach. This carefully written book can be read by any student who knows some topology, providing a useful method to quickly learn this novel homotopy-theoretic point of view of algebraic topology.
Das Hauptziel dieser Studie war es, die Inzidenz und die Faktoren zu analysieren, die mit Vorl uferl sionen und Krebs im Endometrium von Frauen assoziiert sind, die sich einer Polypektomie unterziehen. Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive Querschnittsstudie mit deskriptivem und quantitativem Charakter, durchgef hrt in einem Referenz-Lehrkrankenhaus. Die untersuchte Population setzte sich aus 186 Frauen zusammen. Die interessierenden Assoziationen wurden mit Hilfe des Chi-Quadrat-Tests berpr ft, wobei das Signifikanzniveau angenommen wurde. Es gab signifikante Assoziationen zwischen post-menopausalen Blutungen und Bluthochdruck, Diabetes, Adipositas und Hypothyreose. In Bezug auf Malignit t wurde ein 5,4-fach h heres Risiko f r Frauen mit Unfruchtbarkeit gefunden. Allerdings war die Gr e von Polypen gr er als 2 cm mit gutartigen Biopsien assoziiert. Obwohl Risikofaktoren f r Malignit t eher bei postmenopausalen Frauen vorhanden waren, gab es in dieser Studie eine h here Pr valenz und Inzidenz von Endometriumpolypen in der Menakme und Pr menopause. Zus tzlich war das Symptom der postmenopausalen Blutung ein Hinweis auf Endometriumpolypen und wies eine gr ere Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens bei hypertensiven, diabetischen, adip sen und hypothyreoten Patientinnen auf.
The main objective of this study was to analyze the incidence and factors associated with precursor lesions and cancer in polypes of endometrium of women submitted to polypectomy. It is a retrospective cross-sectional study of a descriptive and quantitative nature, performed in a reference teaching hospital. The population studied was composed of 186 women. The associations of interest were verified using the chi-square test, adopting the level of significance. There were significant associations between post-menopausal bleeding and hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hypothyroidism. In relation to malignancy, a 5.4 times higher chance was found for women with infertility. However, the size of polyps larger than 2 cm was associated with benign biopsies. Although risk factors for malignancy were more present in postmenopausal women, in this study there was a higher prevalence and incidence of endometrial polyps in menacme and premenopause. Additionally, the symptom of postmenopausal bleeding was indicative of endometrial polyps and presented a greater chance of appearance in hypertensive, diabetic, obese and hypothyroidism patients.
L'objectif principal de cette tude tait d'analyser l'incidence et les facteurs associ s aux l sions pr curseurs et au cancer dans les polypes de l'endom tre des femmes soumises une polypectomie. Il s'agit d'une tude transversale r trospective de nature descriptive et quantitative, r alis e dans un h pital universitaire de r f rence. La population tudi e tait compos e de 186 femmes. Les associations d'int r t ont t v rifi es l'aide du test du chi carr , en adoptant le niveau de signification. Il existe des associations significatives entre les saignements post-m nopausiques et l'hypertension, le diab te, l'ob sit et l'hypothyro die. En ce qui concerne la malignit , le risque est 5,4 fois plus lev chez les femmes st riles. Cependant, la taille des polypes de plus de 2 cm a t associ e des biopsies b nignes. Bien que les facteurs de risque de malignit soient plus pr sents chez les femmes postm nopaus es, cette tude a mis en vidence une pr valence et une incidence plus lev es de polypes de l'endom tre chez les femmes menac es et pr m nopaus es. En outre, le sympt me de saignement post-m nopausique tait r v lateur de la pr sence de polypes endom triaux et pr sentait un risque d'apparition plus lev chez les patients hypertendus, diab tiques, ob ses et hypothyro diens.
L'obiettivo principale di questo studio stato quello di analizzare l'incidenza e i fattori associati alle lesioni precursori e al cancro nei polipi dell'endometrio delle donne sottoposte a polipectomia. Si tratta di uno studio retrospettivo trasversale di natura descrittiva e quantitativa, realizzato in un ospedale universitario di riferimento. La popolazione studiata era composta da 186 donne. Le associazioni di interesse sono state verificate utilizzando il test chi-quadro, adottando il livello di significativit . C'erano associazioni significative tra sanguinamento post-menopausale e ipertensione, diabete, obesit e ipotiroidismo. In relazione alla malignit , una probabilit 5,4 volte maggiore stata trovata per le donne con infertilit . Tuttavia, le dimensioni dei polipi pi grandi di 2 cm erano associate a biopsie benigne. Anche se i fattori di rischio per la malignit erano pi presenti nelle donne in postmenopausa, in questo studio c'era una maggiore prevalenza e incidenza di polipi endometriali in menopausa e premenopausa. Inoltre, il sintomo del sanguinamento postmenopausale era indicativo di polipi endometriali e presentava una maggiore probabilit di comparsa nelle pazienti ipertese, diabetiche, obese e ipotiroidee.
Gl wnym celem pracy byla analiza częstości występowania oraz czynnik w związanych z występowaniem zmian prekursorowych i raka w polipach endometrium kobiet poddanych polipektomii. Jest to retrospektywne badanie przekrojowe o charakterze opisowym i ilościowym, przeprowadzone w referencyjnym szpitalu klinicznym. Badaną populację stanowilo 186 kobiet. Interesujące nas asocjacje zweryfikowano za pomocą testu chi kwadrat, przyjmując poziom istotności. Stwierdzono istotny związek pomiędzy krwawieniami po menopauzie a nadciśnieniem tętniczym, cukrzycą, otylością i niedoczynnością tarczycy. W odniesieniu do nowotwor w zlośliwych 5,4-krotnie większe prawdopodobieństwo stwierdzono u kobiet z nieplodnością. Natomiast wielkośc polip w większych niż 2 cm byla związana z biopsjami lagodnymi. Mimo że czynniki ryzyka zachorowania na nowotwory zlośliwe występowaly częściej u kobiet w okresie pomenopauzalnym, w niniejszym badaniu wykazano większą częstośc występowania i zapadalnośc na polipy endometrialne w okresie menopauzalnym i premenopauzalnym. Dodatkowo, objaw krwawienia pomenopauzalnego wskazywal na obecnośc polip w endometrialnych i mial większe szanse pojawienia się u pacjentek z nadciśnieniem tętniczym, cukrzycą, otylością i niedoczynnością tarczycy.
Mapping Diversity in Latin America offers ample critical coverage of recent approaches to the historical study of race and ethnicity in Latin America since the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese colonizers to the present. Bringing together the work of leading scholars, this volume presents readers with a thorough and updated examination of the formation and evolution of ideas surrounding race and ethnicity, social movements, and political processes in Latin America that provides multiple routes for future research on the topic. The book’s nineteen chapters establish the basis for a productive comparative analysis of racial developments in the whole continent to allow for a combination of diachronic and synchronic study of regional processes. Both the scope of the book and the historical and geocultural coverage on these topics are unique in the field of Latin American Studies. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to understanding issues of collective identity, otherness, alterity, and the like, Mapping Diversity in Latin America sheds light on histories that have been traditionally overlooked in texts on race in Latin America, such as the rich history of diasporic Asian, Syrian Lebanese, and Jewish communities, and the more recent emergence of Latinx populations in the United States. The book includes a critical examination of fundamental concepts such as mestizaje, mulataje, creolization, negritud, and blanquitud, as well as critical and theoretical approaches to the study of these issues in postcolonial societies.
