C-René Dominique

Le economie di mercato vanno viste come costruzioni sociali complesse, non lineari e dinamiche, concepite per rendere pi efficiente il processo di scambio di beni e servizi. In quanto sistemi dinamici non lineari, esse generano una grande quantit di "dati di mercato" che possono essere successivamente elaborati in "informazioni". Finora gli economisti si sono concentrati su questi dati di mercato, partendo dal presupposto che pi completi sono i set di dati degli agenti, pi efficiente sar il processo di scambio. In questo senso, un set di dati completo deve precedere il processo di trading. Ci che non viene sottolineato, tuttavia, che l'evoluzione stessa dei mercati genera informazioni aggiuntive che finora sembrano essere sfuggite all'esame. Questa monografia cercher di colmare questa lacuna concentrandosi sulle informazioni create da qualsiasi sistema dinamico non lineare. Le economie di mercato sono un chiaro esempio. In quanto strutture complesse dissipative, esse possiedono un attrattore e quindi un manifold instabile su cui si producono nuove informazioni. Tali informazioni possono essere successivamente modellate in una conoscenza utile. La monografia dovrebbe essere interessante per gli studenti e i professionisti che si occupano della crescita del mercato che va oltre la semplice accumulazione di input.

Marktwirtschaften sollten als komplexe, nichtlineare, dynamische soziale Konstrukte betrachtet werden, die den Prozess des Austauschs von Waren und Dienstleistungen effizienter gestalten sollen. Als nichtlineare dynamische Systeme werfen sie eine gro e Menge an "Marktdaten" ab, die anschlie end zu "Informationen" verarbeitet werden k nnen. Bislang haben sich die Wirtschaftswissenschaftler auf solche Marktdaten konzentriert, weil sie davon ausgingen, dass der Handelsprozess umso effizienter ist, je vollst ndiger die Datens tze der Akteure sind. In diesem Sinne muss dem Handelsprozess ein vollst ndiger Datensatz vorausgehen. Was jedoch nicht betont wird, ist, dass die Entwicklung der M rkte selbst zus tzliche Informationen generiert, die bisher anscheinend nicht untersucht worden sind. In dieser Monographie wird versucht, diese L cke zu schlie en, indem der Schwerpunkt auf Informationen gelegt wird, die von einem nichtlinearen dynamischen System erzeugt werden. Marktwirtschaften sind ein eindeutiges Beispiel daf r. Als dissipative komplexe Strukturen verf gen sie ber einen Attraktor und damit ber eine instabile Mannigfaltigkeit, auf der neue Informationen erzeugt werden. Diese Informationen k nnen anschlie end in n tzliches Wissen umgewandelt werden. Die Monographie d rfte f r Studenten und Fachleute von Interesse sein, die sich mit dem Marktwachstum befassen, das ber die einfache Anh ufung von Inputs hinausgeht.

Les conomies de march doivent tre consid r es comme des constructions sociales complexes, non lin aires et dynamiques, con ues pour rendre le processus d' change de biens et de services plus efficace. En tant que syst mes dynamiques non lin aires, elles produisent une grande quantit de "donn es de march " qui peuvent ensuite tre transform es en "informations". Jusqu' pr sent, les conomistes se sont concentr s sur ces donn es de march en partant du principe que plus les ensembles de donn es des agents sont complets, plus le processus d' change est efficace. En ce sens, un ensemble complet de donn es doit pr c der le processus de n gociation. Ce qui n'est pas soulign , cependant, c'est que l' volution des march s elle-m me g n re des informations suppl mentaires qui, jusqu' pr sent, semblent avoir chapp l'examen. Cette monographie tentera de combler cette lacune en se concentrant sur les informations cr es par tout syst me dynamique non lin aire. Les conomies de march en sont un bon exemple. En tant que structures complexes dissipatives, elles poss dent un attracteur et donc un manifeste instable sur lequel de nouvelles informations sont produites. Ces informations peuvent ensuite tre mod lis es en connaissances utiles. Cette monographie devrait int resser les tudiants et les professionnels qui s'int ressent la croissance du march qui va au-del de la simple accumulation d'intrants.

As economias de mercado devem ser vistas como constru es sociais complexas, n o lineares e din micas, concebidas para tornar mais eficiente o processo de troca de bens e servi os. Enquanto sistemas din micos n o lineares, libertam uma grande quantidade de "dados de mercado" que podem ser posteriormente transformados em "informa o". At data, os economistas t m-se concentrado nesses dados de mercado, partindo do princ pio de que quanto mais completos forem os conjuntos de dados dos agentes, mais eficiente ser o processo de troca. Neste sentido, um conjunto de dados completo deve preceder o processo de transa o. O que n o real ado, por m, o facto de a pr pria evolu o dos mercados gerar informa o adicional que, at agora, parece ter escapado ao escrut nio. Esta monografia tentar colmatar essa lacuna, centrando-se na informa o criada por qualquer sistema din mico n o linear. As economias de mercado s o um exemplo claro disso. Enquanto estruturas complexas dissipativas, possuem um atrativo e, por conseguinte, uma variedade inst vel na qual produzida nova informa o. Essa informa o pode ser subsequentemente modelada em conhecimento til. A monografia dever ser do interesse de estudantes e profissionais que se debru am sobre o crescimento do mercado que est para al m da simples acumula o de factores de produ o.

The forefathers of neoclassical or conventional economics, beginning with Walras, wanted to build a psycho-mathematical science similar to celestial mechanics. However, during the first half of the last century, they succumbed to the charm of axiomatization: Hence, economics remains a stillborn science. Its theory is plagued with incongruities, generating misleading notions and policies that are detrimental to human welfare and environmental equilibrium. Its truths have significantly low half-lives, and its confused pronouncements have become an open ground in which false consciousness rumble unchallenged. This state of affairs calls for a fundamental revision.After reviewing the evolution of economics from Antiquity to the present and pointing to its inadequacies, Dominique proposes an alternative formulation which not only sheds light on the enduring features of market economics but also makes economics consistent with physics, the mother of all sciences. This is a challenging revision for scholars, students, and others involved with economic theory.

Economics, Dominique reminds us, is a social science, with prescriptions that are statistical in character but inherently polemical. In contrast to the laws of the natural sciences, economic statements, meaningful as well as meaningless, can be transformed into a vehicle for the promotion of false consciousness, as when the polemical prescriptions of social sciences are used to promote unavowed interests. The axiomatization of economics in the early 1950s, though well-intended, has produced two negative consequences: the equation of science and mathematical formalism by some, and a total lack of concern for experimentation on the part of others. These translate into excessive abstraction, empirical irrelevance, and a total lack of social purpose.Dominique argues that excessive abstraction is causing economics to gradually lose its social usefulness. This state of affairs has, in turn, led the general public to accept at face value the prescriptions of an untested orthodoxy, such as unfettered globalization, as genuinely scientific. In the era of unfettered globalization, the top 20 percent of the world's income earners have become richer while the bottom 80 percent have become impoverished and environmental degradation has gone unabated. Dominique argues that, according to the scientific theory of economics, the top quintile must pay the costs and the bottom four quintiles ought not bear alone the brunt of globalization. To reverse this outcome, the bottom 80 percent must become pro-active in economic policy formulation. A challenge to contemporary development and economic policy that will be of interest to economists, public policy makers, the international business community, and social activists.

Many of the economic problems of developing countries in the mid-1970s seem to stem from stagnant food crop agricultural systems. A brief examination of the conditions of agricultural growth indicates that modernization follows, in general, a sequence which cannot be violated with impunity, and involves a whole series of mutually-dependent measures, the nature and extent of which vary with the position of a system on its development continuum. In order to be most effective, the measures must first be appropriate to the stage of development, and then well coordinated.