Giorgio Vallortigara

The Twofold Brain: Exploring Fundamental Questions about Brain Lateralization challenges the traditional view that brain asymmetry is exclusive to human brains, showing that it is instead widespread in all animals. This unique book deals with new and original ideas about asymmetry of the brain and its function. It first demonstrates how asymmetry emerged early as a biological strategy long before language or culture evolved and was conserved because it worked. It also discusses how from an evolutionary perspective, bilateral bodies create a fundamental problem of duplication – two sides mean redundant sensors, muscles, and neural circuits – but by biasing certain functions toward one side, organisms reduce conflict, speed up processing, and stabilize behaviour. The book then explores the role of interaction among asymmetric organisms in generating individual- or population-level asymmetries as evolutionarily stable strategies, showing that asymmetry thus appears to be a foundational aspect of all nervous systems. The authors' comprehensive approach to brain lateralization allows readers to understand it as an integral aspect of both large and small brains. Each chapter is crafted to answer specific questions, making the book accessible and engaging for both experts and general readers alike. This book will appeal not only to specialists in neurosciences but also to a broader audience with a keen interest in understanding the intricacies of mental processes. Whether you're delving into the nuances of cognitive neuroscience or simply intrigued by the mysteries of the mind, this book offers a captivating journey into the fascinating world of lateralization in human and non-human species.

The Twofold Brain: Exploring Fundamental Questions about Brain Lateralization challenges the traditional view that brain asymmetry is exclusive to human brains, showing that it is instead widespread in all animals. This unique book deals with new and original ideas about asymmetry of the brain and its function. It first demonstrates how asymmetry emerged early as a biological strategy long before language or culture evolved and was conserved because it worked. It also discusses how from an evolutionary perspective, bilateral bodies create a fundamental problem of duplication – two sides mean redundant sensors, muscles, and neural circuits – but by biasing certain functions toward one side, organisms reduce conflict, speed up processing, and stabilize behaviour. The book then explores the role of interaction among asymmetric organisms in generating individual- or population-level asymmetries as evolutionarily stable strategies, showing that asymmetry thus appears to be a foundational aspect of all nervous systems. The authors' comprehensive approach to brain lateralization allows readers to understand it as an integral aspect of both large and small brains. Each chapter is crafted to answer specific questions, making the book accessible and engaging for both experts and general readers alike. This book will appeal not only to specialists in neurosciences but also to a broader audience with a keen interest in understanding the intricacies of mental processes. Whether you're delving into the nuances of cognitive neuroscience or simply intrigued by the mysteries of the mind, this book offers a captivating journey into the fascinating world of lateralization in human and non-human species.

An expert on the brain argues that the mind is not a blank slate and that much early behavior is biologically predisposed rather than learned. Why do newborns show a preference for a face (or something that resembles a face) over a nonface-like object? Why do baby chicks prefer a moving object to an inanimate one? Neither baby human nor baby chick has had time to learn to like faces or movement. In Born Knowing, neuroscientist Giorgio Vallortigara argues that the mind is not a blank slate. Early behavior is biologically predisposed rather than learned, and this instinctive or innate behavior, Vallortigara says, is key to understanding the origins of knowledge. Drawing on research carried out in his own laboratory over several decades, Vallortigara explores what the imprinting process in young chicks, paralleled by the cognitive feats of human newborns, reveals about minds at the onset of life. He explains that a preference for faces or representations of something face-like and animate objects--predispositions he calls "life detectors"--streamlines learning, allowing minds to avoid a confusing multiplicity of objects in the environment, and he considers the possibility that autism spectrum disorders might be linked to a deficit in the preference for the animate. He also demonstrates that animals do not need language to think, and that addition and subtraction can be performed without numbers. The origin of knowledge, Vallortigara argues, is the wisdom that humans and animals possess as basic brain equipment, the product of natural history rather than individual development.

The Origins of Consciousness challenges the dominant view that consciousness is an emergent property of the complex human brain.Based on his pioneering research on a variety of organisms, Vallortigara argues that the most basic forms of mental life do not require large brains, and that the neurological surplus observed in some animals such as humans is likely at the service of memory storage, not of the processes of thought or, even less, of consciousness. The book argues for a simple neural mechanism that can provide the crucial event that brings into effect the minimum condition for subjective experience. Implications of the hypothesis for the appearance of consciousness in different organisms are discussed, as well as links with a variety of fascinating human phenomena such as disorders of consciousness, tickling and visual illusions.Challenging widely accepted theories of consciousness, the book is a must-read for students and researchers of human and animal consciousness.

The Origins of Consciousness challenges the dominant view that consciousness is an emergent property of the complex human brain.Based on his pioneering research on a variety of organisms, Vallortigara argues that the most basic forms of mental life do not require large brains, and that the neurological surplus observed in some animals such as humans is likely at the service of memory storage, not of the processes of thought or, even less, of consciousness. The book argues for a simple neural mechanism that can provide the crucial event that brings into effect the minimum condition for subjective experience. Implications of the hypothesis for the appearance of consciousness in different organisms are discussed, as well as links with a variety of fascinating human phenomena such as disorders of consciousness, tickling and visual illusions.Challenging widely accepted theories of consciousness, the book is a must-read for students and researchers of human and animal consciousness.

Asymmetry of the brain and behaviour (lateralization) has traditionally been considered unique to humans. However, research has shown that this phenomenon is widespread throughout the vertebrate kingdom and found even in some invertebrate species. A similar basic plan of organisation exists across vertebrates. Summarising the evidence and highlighting research from the last twenty years, the authors discuss lateralization from four perspectives - function, evolution, development and causation - covering a wide range of animals, including humans. The evolution of lateralization is traced from our earliest ancestors, through fish and reptiles to birds and mammals. The benefits of having a divided brain are discussed, as well as the influence of experience on its development. A final chapter discusses outstanding problems and areas for further investigation. Experts in this field, the authors present the latest scientific knowledge clearly and engagingly, making this a valuable tool for anyone interested in the biology and behaviour of brain asymmetries.

Asymmetry of the brain and behaviour (lateralization) has traditionally been considered unique to humans. However, research has shown that this phenomenon is widespread throughout the vertebrate kingdom and found even in some invertebrate species. A similar basic plan of organisation exists across vertebrates. Summarising the evidence and highlighting research from the last twenty years, the authors discuss lateralization from four perspectives - function, evolution, development and causation - covering a wide range of animals, including humans. The evolution of lateralization is traced from our earliest ancestors, through fish and reptiles to birds and mammals. The benefits of having a divided brain are discussed, as well as the influence of experience on its development. A final chapter discusses outstanding problems and areas for further investigation. Experts in this field, the authors present the latest scientific knowledge clearly and engagingly, making this a valuable tool for anyone interested in the biology and behaviour of brain asymmetries.