Hardeep Singh

Exploring the issue of Islamophobic attacks against Sikhs since 9/11, this book explains the historical, religious and legal foundations and frameworks for understanding race hate crime against the Sikh community in the UK.Focusing on the backlash that Sikhs in the UK have faced since 9/11, the authors provide a theological and historical backdrop to Sikh identity in the global context, critically analysing the occurrences of Islamophobia since 9/11, 7/7 and most recently post-Brexit, and how British Sikhs and the British government have responded and reacted to these incidents. The experiences of American Sikhs are also explored and the impact of anti-Sikh sentiment upon both these communities is considered. Drawing on media reporting, government policies, the emerging body of inter-disciplinary scholarship, and empirical research, this book contributes to the currently limited body of literature on anti-Sikh hate crime and produces ideas for policy makers on how to rectify the situation.Providing a better understanding of perceptions of anti-Sikh sentiment and its impact, this book will of interest to scholars and upper-level students working on identity and hate crime, and more generally in the fields of Religion and Politics, Cultural Studies, Media Studies, and International Studies.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows data network and voice networks to converge. The bandwidth is saved in VoIP system by not sending the IP packets during silence periods in the conversation and this saved bandwidth can be used for other applications. VoIP system uses Internet Protocol (IP) which is a network layer protocol according to the seven-layer Open System Interconnected (OSI) model.VoIP involves digitization of voice streams and transmitting the digital voice as packets over the IP based packet network. The analog speech signal is compressed using various codecs such as G.711, G.729 etc. The encoded speech is packetized and then speech packets are routed to the destination through the internet. At the receiver end, the whole process is reversed. The voice packets are depacketized and decoded subsequently. The decoding process may include de-jittering, error correction and packet loss concealment. The quality of the VoIP signal is influenced with various network factors such as packet delay, jitter and packet loss. Delay is the time taken by the voice to reach from talker's mouth to the listener's ear. The variation in the arrival time