Jon-Arild Johannessen

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector is certain to boost levels of automation and productivity but, paradoxically, it will also increase the availability of “first line competence.” At the same time as demographic trends are affecting demand for health and social care, the technological developments we are seeing make it highly likely that AI will play a decisive role in tackling the challenges our healthcare systems will encounter. This book reveals systemic connections to tackle questions about the potential impact of AI on future challenges in the healthcare sector. Specifically, it develops practical proposals for ways in which AI can be applied to solve these forthcoming issues. It emphasizes the importance of AI in what is known in the literature as human augmentation. The book’s innovative perspective is apparent in the way it challenges conventional wisdom in the context of several pressing questions, such as: • What opportunities and challenges could arise from the application of AI in the healthcare sector? • How can the philosophy of medicine, viewed from a systemic perspective, help us to understand, explain, and resolve some of the future challenges in the healthcare sector? • How could AI affect inclusive employment opportunities for people with disabilities? The book also contains an underlying argument to the effect that the rational approach adopted by economists is perhaps less rational when applied to a healthcare sector that is crying out for more “first line competence.” The primary readership will be academic, but the book will also appeal to policymakers, consultants, HR departments, healthcare stakeholders, and related practitioners.

This timely book provides crucial insights into the applications and impacts of AI and automation in education. It examines the role and challenges of AI in both teaching and learning, as well as its effects on the structural organization of schools and universities. Drawing on literature reviews, scenario planning and historical analysis, this book traces and projects the trajectory of AI, demonstrating its ability to facilitate individualized teaching and learning. Presenting 45 case letters, chapters explore various relevant research questions, developing solutions to emerging issues such as the evolving role of teachers, evaluation processes and university spending. The book outlines the revolutionary role of AI in the field of pedagogy by measuring competence and curating personalized lesson plans, as well as by ensuring university organization remains relevant and responsive to the changing demands of both students and the labour market. Artificial Intelligence in Teaching, Learning and Organizing is a valuable resource for scholars and students of education, administration and technology. It is also highly relevant to teachers and university officials looking to understand how AI will alter the educational landscape.

Economic inequality, the environmental crisis and the climate crisis are systemically linked. Accordingly, they should be understood as a single, interconnected system and strategies for resolving them should be guided by this understanding. This book demonstrates how the Green New Deal and its systemic alternative, the Red New Deal, could influence the course of these three global crises, all within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The author has developed several scenarios that are relevant to the automation that will result from advances in artificial intelligence and intelligent robots. The first is one of mass unemployment, while the second envisages low rates of unemployment, although workers will experience stagnation and then a decline in their wages. It is possible to envisage a different set of scenarios; however, we must replace the capitalist economic model with a different model: mutualism, a sustainable model that would allow for economic growth while also addressing the three current systemic crises. The author argues that if such a model is implemented, there will be jobs for everyone and the climate crisis will be tackled because people’s welfare will be prioritized over profit. We can assert that such a model will foster the development of economic equality. The basic premise of this mutual and sustainable economic model is that sustainability is in everyone’s interests. The book employs not only established and innovative methods, such as literature reviews, scenario thinking and historical methods, to underpin its arguments, but also conceptual generalization as an intellectual tool to tackle the general research problem; thus, it will be an invaluable resource for scholars and students of sustainability and the innovation economy.

Microeconomic theorists have largely excluded entrepreneurship and innovation from their theoretical analyses and models. In the existing literature, innovative entrepreneurs are hardly mentioned at all, yet it is precisely these entrepreneurs who, through their establishment of innovation-based start-ups, for example, start-ups based on technological innovations, create economic growth and help promote prosperity worldwide. The most recent examples from the digital revolution alone, such as Microsoft, Apple, Tik Tok, etc., speak to the importance of innovative entrepreneurship. This book addresses the lack of microeconomic theory concerning the role of innovation as a driver for economic development and explores the topic from multiple perspectives: innovative entrepreneurship, competence, productivity, automation, and the institutional framework.By analysing these five pillars, the book provides a broad idea of how these interactions all impact how the innovation economy continues to thrive. The book also describes the application of theory to real life by providing practical and real-life examples and case studies. It demonstrates the need to foster the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship for sustainable development as a key driver of uninterrupted industrial development. It also highlights the critical gap in conventional economic models, which reduce everything to a single number and fail to analyse how innovation shapes both economic structures and the education systems and policies needed to adapt to them. By incorporating systems thinking and evolutionary economics, the book offers a multidimensional analysis of the innovation economy.This broad perspective enhances its theoretical depth and widens its appeal to scholars and researchers across various disciplines. Its practical approach also makes the book relevant to policymakers, educators and practitioners.

Research Design Using Systemic Thinking provides a fresh approach to conducting research, emphasising the importance of systemic thinking as a framework for structuring scientific inquiry.This book offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the research process, from formulating a research problem to synthesising findings. It bridges theoretical insights and practical application, ensuring that readers can effectively communicate their research using scientifically rigorous methods. This book helps readers move beyond specific research techniques, providing a general scientific method applicable across disciplines. Key features include an exploration of scientific language, theory development, problem analysis, and hypothesis formulation, all through the lens of systemic thinking. It provides step-by-step guidance on how to approach and resolve complex research challenges, develop conceptual models, and offer clear explanations, making it an essential resource for researchers at any stage. Ideal for postgraduate students, early-career researchers, and established academics, this book is a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their research design skills.It is suitable for individuals engaged in a variety of fields, including social sciences, business, humanities, and more, and is an excellent supplementary text for research methodology courses.

Research Design Using Systemic Thinking provides a fresh approach to conducting research, emphasising the importance of systemic thinking as a framework for structuring scientific inquiry.This book offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the research process, from formulating a research problem to synthesising findings. It bridges theoretical insights and practical application, ensuring that readers can effectively communicate their research using scientifically rigorous methods. This book helps readers move beyond specific research techniques, providing a general scientific method applicable across disciplines. Key features include an exploration of scientific language, theory development, problem analysis, and hypothesis formulation, all through the lens of systemic thinking. It provides step-by-step guidance on how to approach and resolve complex research challenges, develop conceptual models, and offer clear explanations, making it an essential resource for researchers at any stage. Ideal for postgraduate students, early-career researchers, and established academics, this book is a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their research design skills.It is suitable for individuals engaged in a variety of fields, including social sciences, business, humanities, and more, and is an excellent supplementary text for research methodology courses.

The emerging conflict between the US and China has an inherent tendency towards a development of deglobalization. It is the historical prerequisites for this deglobalization that are examined in this book. These assumptions are largely based on what is termed the second wave of globalization, based on increasing technological competition between the US and China, as well as China's expansion along the New Silk Road.In this book, the author makes a distinction between the Old Globalization and the New Globalization. The Old Globalization was characterized by competition over costs in general and wage costs in particular, while the New Globalization is categorized by new competencies and skills, especially technological capabilities and technological innovations. The second wave, which is driven by technological innovations, lays the foundation for a counter-strategy on the part of the US to stem the Chinese technological expansion. It is this new strategy that confines the second wave of globalization from China and lays the foundation for deglobalization.The book analyses US-China relations from a fresh perspective, namely a systemic thinking approach. The focus is the emerging innovation economy, which leads to tension and deglobalization. The book is grounded in evolutionary economics and uses conceptual generalization in its descriptions, analysis, theoretical reflections, and real-world cases. The key message is that the economy of the future will be characterized by coordinated wave movements: economic growth mainly controlled by private capital alternating with economic downturns that necessitate collective solutions and government interventions.The book offers policy suggestions, which include promoting effective macroeconomic policies, and extending microeconomic cooperation schemes, related to the innovation economy.

The innovation economy is the driver for the development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and consequently, there is a growing focus on innovation in general and technological innovation in particular. In this context, there is much to suggest that it is the triple impact of artificial intelligence, big data and 5G- and 6G networks that will go beyond the limits of existing competence. This book is about the new competence that is emerging in the wake of artificial intelligence and intelligent robots. It explains how these two technologies are completely fundamental to what is known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The author argues that artificial intelligence will promote automation, which will reduce wages rather than increase unemployment statistics. The book posits that when the utility value of technology and the rate of dissemination of technology is high, people who have the necessary competence will both future-proof their jobs in the labour market and also be among the highest-paid workers in the new economy that is emerging from the innovation economy. Further, by making education more compatible with new technology will enable graduates to access more secure and better paid jobs, and all behavioural fields related to new technology will flourish because they can be used in many contexts to steer people’s behaviour in certain directions through the integration of big data and artificial intelligence. The book employs the following scholarly methods: conceptual generalization, scenario-based thinking and historical economic methodology, thus it will be of particular benefit to academic scholars, researchers and graduate students who are concerned with the impact of the fourth industrial revolution on the labour market.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution while creating many new opportunities, is inevitably going to lead to uncertainty around specific jobs and roles, particularly those of knowledge workers and in the innovation economy. To understand which jobs will be uncertain as society moves towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Johannessen adopts three time-perspectives. The short-term perspective, five to fifteen years. The medium-term perspective, fifteen to thirty years. Currently there is little interest in the long term-perspective, but this time perspective extends from approximately thirty to fifty years ahead. In the short and accessible text, Johannessen answers the question of which jobs will be uncertain regarding these timelines with the main focus on the short and medium-term perspectives. A forewarning of possible future competences, by means of expectation signals, will enable people to acquire the competences that will be demanded by the new technology. This can be of benefit to students when planning their studies, so they can adapt their education to future changes; it can also be of benefit to schools and universities, so they can make changes to their curricula. In addition, it will also be of relevance to the authorities, so that they can provide more high-tech educations, with a focus on the new technology that is emerging.

Cascades of new technologies and innovations are entering our lives so fast that it is difficult for us to adapt to one innovation before the next becomes embedded into our everyday lives. What happens when the changes brought by technology are so profound that they affect all aspects of our lives? This book explores the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and intelligent robots on individuals, organizations and society, specifically examining the impact on jobs and workplaces in the future. It provides an understanding of how we can adapt to changes that appear like flocks of black swans.Five key areas are unpacked in the book: automation, AI, (the significance of AI technology), innovation, competence transformation, and the fact that the pace of change is so rapid that it outstrips our ability to adapt to consecutive changes. The main objective is to show how AI will change society and how we as individuals and society must adapt in order to survive what the author terms ‘robot shock’, together with its consequences and after-effects. It offers a greater understanding of resistance to change and how we need to adopt strategies for adapting to major changes. Each of the book’s six chapters also contains policy inputs, framed as propositions, that are intended specifically for decision-makers. The book concludes by offering possible strategies for overcoming the negative effects of ‘robot shock’.The book intends to send a message to leaders of institutions, decision-makers and anyone attempting to understand and explain how we – as a social system – can succeed in tackling the many major challenges and crises faced by humanity.

In feudal society, it was the few at the top who laid the ground for what was produced, how it was produced and how it was distributed. Freedom was restricted, and people were kept in their place by institutional structures. In capitalism, the focus is on free markets, free trade, and a personal freedom, where self-interest is assumed to lead to progress for the collective good. In today’s world, there is a move towards algorithmic capitalism at the micro-level, platform capitalism at the meso-level, and feudal capitalism at the macro-level. This is the new and innovative concept developed in this book. The author argues that feudal capitalism is distinct but linked to the innovation economy, and represents an interconnection between the organization of feudal society and central aspects of capitalism. Additionally, he asserts that the balance between feudal capitalism and a reinvented, sustainable capitalism based on the innovation economy, can help restore the moral compass lost in the evolution of global capitalism. The key argument of the book is that even if we see a development towards feudal capitalism, a more just and moral capitalism can be restored through various social mechanisms such as changes in the institutional framework, the development of a balanced form of globalization and re-establishing social cohesion and equality of opportunity. Further, the book offers policy interventions to support this idea. The book will find an audience among scholars and researchers of political economy, political theory, economic history, management, AI and ethics, philosophy and automation, inequality and equality of opportunity

This book provides deep insight into the emergent Chinese innovation economy, as we head towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It describes, discusses and analyzes the period from China’s opening up to foreign investment in the 1980s until the New Silk Road project, from 2013 onwards. The developments are assessed from a systemic thinking and evolutionary economic standpoint. The book presents the latest research findings on the direction and achievements of the Belt and Road Initiative, and the results both for China, the countries along the new Silk Road, as well as for Europe and the United States are brought to light. The author asserts that the phenomenon of the New Silk Road as an innovation generator can be understood and explained through the effects of various social mechanisms. He labels these five social mechanisms as: the locomotive force; the explosive force of the butterfly effect; the force of co-creation; the force of expectation; and the force of competence. The book presents 20 cases to substantiate the descriptions, analysis, theoretical reflections and the practical utility of the questions examined in each chapter. It utilizes economic history research methods, scenario thinking, futures research and conceptual generalization to offer different views on the research problem under investigation. Further, the book offers policy suggestions, which include promoting effective macroeconomic policies, and extending microeconomic cooperation schemes, related to the innovation economy. The book will appeal to academics, researchers and graduate students concerned with Chinese economic expansion, Chinese foreign policy and US- and Europe-China relations, as well as policymakers and political advisors.

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector is certain to boost levels of automation and productivity but, paradoxically, it will also increase the availability of “first line competence.” At the same time as demographic trends are affecting demand for health and social care, the technological developments we are seeing make it highly likely that AI will play a decisive role in tackling the challenges our healthcare systems will encounter. This book reveals systemic connections to tackle questions about the potential impact of AI on future challenges in the healthcare sector.Specifically, it develops practical proposals for ways in which AI can be applied to solve these forthcoming issues. It emphasizes the importance of AI in what is known in the literature as human augmentation. The book’s innovative perspective is apparent in the way it challenges conventional wisdom in the context of several pressing questions, such as:• What opportunities and challenges could arise from the application of AI in the healthcare sector?• How can the philosophy of medicine, viewed from a systemic perspective, help us to understand, explain, and resolve some of the future challenges in the healthcare sector?• How could AI affect inclusive employment opportunities for people with disabilities?The book also contains an underlying argument to the effect that the rational approach adopted by economists is perhaps less rational when applied to a healthcare sector that is crying out for more “first line competence.”The primary readership will be academic, but the book will also appeal to policymakers, consultants, HR departments, healthcare stakeholders, and related practitioners.

The most important goals for an organization in the Fourth Industrial Revolution will be innovation and enhanced performance. Creativity is a means for promoting these goals – a creative person is a productive person who uses all their resources to attain specific goals. Da Vinci Creativity should be understood as being focused on improving performance both at individual and organizational levels. Traditional organizations can be hierarchical, and thus rigid, at a time when the external environment is undergoing very rapid change. The aim of this book is to present an organizational model that develops leaders who are able to cope with the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.In light of the increasing levels of innovation being experienced in society around us, Creativity, Innovation and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: The da Vinci Strategy offers an organizational theory that can be applied in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students in the fields of leadership, strategy, and technology and innovation management.

Economic inequality, the environmental crisis and the climate crisis are systemically linked. Accordingly, they should be understood as a single, interconnected system and strategies for resolving them should be guided by this understanding. This book demonstrates how the Green New Deal and its systemic alternative, the Red New Deal, could influence the course of these three global crises, all within the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.The author has developed several scenarios that are relevant to the automation that will result from advances in artificial intelligence and intelligent robots. The first is one of mass unemployment, while the second envisages low rates of unemployment, although workers will experience stagnation and then a decline in their wages. It is possible to envisage a different set of scenarios; however, we must replace the capitalist economic model with a different model: mutualism, a sustainable model that would allow for economic growth while also addressing the three current systemic crises. The author argues that if such a model is implemented, there will be jobs for everyone and the climate crisis will be tackled because people’s welfare will be prioritized over profit. We can assert that such a model will foster the development of economic equality. The basic premise of this mutual and sustainable economic model is that sustainability is in everyone’s interests.The book employs not only established and innovative methods, such as literature reviews, scenario thinking and historical methods, to underpin its arguments, but also conceptual generalization as an intellectual tool to tackle the general research problem; thus, it will be an invaluable resource for scholars and students of sustainability and the innovation economy.

Unpredictable and unforeseen, or black swan, events are occurring increasingly often, one such recent example is the coronavirus crisis of 2020. The Fourth Industrial Revolution, with its growing use of artificial intelligence, intelligent robots, intelligent informats and intelligent algorithms, may help us to confront these incidents but only if we can avoid the sector optimization logic of some forms of economic thinking. This book offers a multi-faceted presentation of the application of systemic thinking in non-standard situations, especially those created by the fourth industrial revolution. It develops models and mini theories to promote systemic thinking at a time when cascades of innovations are entering the economy, while at the same time black swan events are occurring and disrupting social systems. It takes a critical look at how organizations and social systems have chosen to organize themselves to develop systems that prioritize high performance, by focusing on cost-cutting and maximizing profits, instead of on preparedness elasticity and resource slack. The consequences of this kind of organizational streamlining becomes evident only when the ‘black swans’ loom. The author discusses how individuals and society can develop the resilience needed to deal with these incidents. He asserts that there are three central social mechanisms that can help us understand how social systems work and how they are interconnected: time-lag, threshold value, and feedback. These three concepts can help us to understand how changes occur in non-linear systems; for instance, how small changes at the micro level can lead to large changes at the macro level. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics and students in the fields of economics, finance, business and industry.