Natalia Grabar

Modal verbs in English communicate delicate shades of meaning, there being a large range of verbs both on the necessity side (must, have to, should, ought to, need, need to) and the possibility side (can, may, could, might, be able to). They therefore constitute excellent test ground to apply and compare different methodologies that can lay bare the factors that drive the speaker’s choice of modal verb. This book is not merely concerned with a purely grammatical description of the use of modal verbs, but aims at advancing our understanding of lexical and grammatical units in general and of linguistic methodologies to explore these. It thus involves a genuine effort to compare, assess and combine a variety of approaches. It complements the leading descriptive qualitative work on modal verbs by testing a diverse range of quantitative methods, while not ignoring qualitative issues pertaining to the semantics-pragmatics interface. Starting from a critical assessment of what constitutes the meaning of modal verbs, different types of empirical studies (usage-based, data-driven and experimental), drawing considerably on the same data sets, shows how method triangulation can contribute to an enhanced understanding. Due attention is also given to individual variation as well as the degree to which modals can predict L2 proficiency level.

O objetivo deste livro era descobrir a natureza do fluxo dos processos de informa o, especialmente o funcionamento do espa o de informa o no est gio atual de desenvolvimento da sociedade. Al m disso, os autores procuraram familiarizar o leitor com poss veis formas de organiza o proposital do ambiente de informa o, a fim de aumentar a sua confiabilidade e seguran a na guerra da informa o. A Modern Library, como principal lista de prioridades para bibliotecas educacionais, coloca a aprendizagem dos alunos, o n mero de leitores e a cultura da informa o. Desde a inicia o de crian as e adolescentes leitura, a forma o da cultura da informa o da biblioteca escolar permite aos alunos educar personalidades competentes, inteligentes, criativas e morais, capazes de viver na sociedade da informa o e do conhecimento.

Celem tej książki bylo odkrycie natury proces w przeplywu informacji, a zwlaszcza funkcjonowania przestrzeni informacyjnej na obecnym etapie rozwoju spoleczeństwa. Autorzy starali się r wnież zapoznac czytelnika z możliwymi sposobami celowej organizacji środowiska informacyjnego w celu zwiększenia jego niezawodności i bezpieczeństwa w wojnie informacyjnej. Modern Library jako gl wna lista priorytet w biblioteki edukacyjnej stawia na pierwszym miejscu naukę czytania i kulturę informacyjną uczni w. Od momentu zachęcania dzieci i mlodzieży do czytania, ksztaltowanie kultury informacyjnej biblioteki szkolnej pozwala ksztalcic kompetentnych, inteligentnych, kreatywnych i moralnych uczni w, zdolnych do życia w spoleczeństwie informacyjnym i opartym na wiedzy.

Lo scopo di questo libro era quello di scoprire la natura dei processi di flusso delle informazioni, in particolare il funzionamento dello spazio informativo nell'attuale fase di sviluppo della societ . Inoltre, gli autori hanno cercato di familiarizzare il lettore con i possibili modi di organizzare in modo mirato l'ambiente informativo al fine di migliorarne l'affidabilit e la sicurezza nella guerra dell'informazione. La Modern Library, come principale elenco di priorit per le biblioteche scolastiche, pone l'accento sull'apprendimento degli studenti, la lettura e la cultura dell'informazione. Fin dall'inizio dell'avvicinamento dei bambini e degli adolescenti alla lettura, la formazione della cultura dell'informazione nella biblioteca scolastica consente agli studenti di educare personalit competenti, intelligenti, creative e morali, in grado di vivere nella societ dell'informazione e della conoscenza.

L'objectif de cet ouvrage tait de d couvrir la nature des processus de circulation de l'information, en particulier le fonctionnement de l'espace informationnel au stade actuel de d veloppement de la soci t . Les auteurs ont galement cherch familiariser le lecteur avec les moyens possibles d'organiser de mani re cibl e l'environnement informationnel afin d'am liorer sa fiabilit et sa s curit dans le cadre de la guerre de l'information. La biblioth que moderne, en tant que principale liste de priorit s pour la biblioth que ducative, met l'accent sur l'apprentissage des l ves, le lectorat et la culture de l'information. Depuis l'initiation des enfants et des adolescents la lecture, la formation la culture de l'information de la biblioth que scolaire permet aux l ves de d velopper une personnalit comp tente, intelligente, cr ative et morale, capable de vivre dans la soci t de l'information et la soci t du savoir.

Das Ziel dieses Buches war es, die Natur des Informationsflusses zu erforschen, insbesondere die Funktionsweise des Informationsraums im gegenw rtigen Entwicklungsstadium der Gesellschaft. Au erdem wollten die Autoren den Leser mit m glichen Wegen zur zielgerichteten Organisation der Informationsumgebung vertraut machen, um deren Zuverl ssigkeit und Sicherheit im Informationskrieg zu verbessern. Die Modern Library setzt als Hauptpriorit t f r Bildungsbibliotheken das Lernen der Sch ler, die Leserschaft und die Informationskultur in den Vordergrund. Seit der Einf hrung von Kindern und Jugendlichen in das Lesen erm glicht die Bildung einer Informationskultur in der Schulbibliothek die Erziehung kompetenter, intelligenter, kreativer und moralischer Pers nlichkeiten, die in der Informations- und Wissensgesellschaft leben k nnen.

Modal verbs in English communicate delicate shades of meaning, there being a large range of verbs both on the necessity side (must, have to, should, ought to, need, need to) and the possibility side (can, may, could, might, be able to). They therefore constitute excellent test ground to apply and compare different methodologies that can lay bare the factors that drive the speaker’s choice of modal verb. This book is not merely concerned with a purely grammatical description of the use of modal verbs, but aims at advancing our understanding of lexical and grammatical units in general and of linguistic methodologies to explore these. It thus involves a genuine effort to compare, assess and combine a variety of approaches. It complements the leading descriptive qualitative work on modal verbs by testing a diverse range of quantitative methods, while not ignoring qualitative issues pertaining to the semantics-pragmatics interface. Starting from a critical assessment of what constitutes the meaning of modal verbs, different types of empirical studies (usage-based, data-driven and experimental), drawing considerably on the same data sets, shows how method triangulation can contribute to an enhanced understanding. Due attention is also given to individual variation as well as the degree to which modals can predict L2 proficiency level.