Nishant Kumar

As toxinas s o geralmente consideradas agentes nocivos; no entanto, podem ser muito teis na terapia de doen as humanas. A neurotoxina botul nica (BTX) foi a primeira prote na microbiana a ser administrada por inje o a ser usada terapeuticamente em humanos. A BTX apareceu como um dos agentes terap uticos mais polivalentes da medicina moderna com mais aplica es cl nicas do que qualquer outro atualmente no mercado. Com uma melhor compreens o dos mecanismos celulares da neurotoxina botulinun e os avan os da biotecnologia, os futuros produtos de neurotoxinas botulinun provavelmente ser o ainda mais eficazes e personalizados s indica es espec ficas e adaptados s necessidades dos pacientes. A sua crescente implementa o, sob v rias circunst ncias, torna-o o medicamento mais vers til do mercado, abrangendo quase todas as especialidades m dicas. Embora considerado eficiente e seguro, ainda existem muitas restri es, tais como o desconforto relacionado inje o, a dura o relativamente curta da rea o, a chance de imunogenicidade e alta.

Les toxines sont g n ralement consid r es comme des agents nuisibles; cependant, elles peuvent tre tr s utiles dans le traitement de maladies humaines. La neurotoxine botulique (BTX) a t la premi re prot ine microbienne tre administr e par injection pour tre utilis e des fins th rapeutiques chez l'homme. La BTX est apparue comme l'un des agents th rapeutiques les plus polyvalents de la m decine moderne, avec plus d'applications cliniques que tout autre agent actuellement sur le march . Avec une meilleure compr hension des m canismes cellulaires de la neurotoxine botulinique et les progr s de la biotechnologie, les futurs produits base de neurotoxine botulinique seront probablement encore plus efficaces et adapt s aux indications sp cifiques et aux besoins des patients. Sa mise en oeuvre croissante, dans diverses circonstances, en fait le m dicament le plus polyvalent du march , couvrant presque toutes les sp cialit s m dicales. Bien qu'il soit consid r comme efficace et s r, de nombreuses contraintes subsistent, telles que l'inconfort li l'injection, la dur e relativement br ve de la r action, le risque d'immunog nicit , et un niveau lev .

Le tossine sono solitamente considerate agenti dannosi; tuttavia, possono essere molto utili nella terapia delle malattie umane. La neurotossina botulinica (BTX) stata la prima proteina microbica ad essere somministrata per iniezione per essere usata terapeuticamente nell'uomo. BTX apparso come uno degli agenti terapeutici pi polivalenti nella medicina moderna con pi applicazioni cliniche di qualsiasi altro attualmente sul mercato. Con una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi cellulari della neurotossina botulinica e i progressi della biotecnologia, i futuri prodotti della neurotossina botulinica saranno probabilmente ancora pi efficaci e personalizzati in base alle indicazioni specifiche e alle esigenze dei pazienti. La sua crescente applicazione, in varie circostanze, lo rende il farmaco pi versatile sul mercato, che abbraccia quasi tutte le specialit mediche. Anche se ritenuto efficiente e sicuro, ci sono ancora molti vincoli, come il disagio legato all'iniezione, la durata relativamente breve della reazione, la possibilit di immunogenicit , e alta.

Toxine werden in der Regel als sch dliche Agenzien betrachtet; sie k nnen jedoch bei der Therapie menschlicher Erkrankungen sehr hilfreich sein. Botulinum Neurotoxin (BTX) war das erste mikrobielle Protein, das durch Injektion verabreicht wurde, um therapeutisch beim Menschen eingesetzt zu werden. BTX hat sich als eines der vielseitigsten therapeutischen Mittel in der modernen Medizin mit mehr klinischen Anwendungen als jedes andere derzeit auf dem Markt befindliche Mittel erwiesen. Mit einem besseren Verst ndnis der zellul ren Mechanismen von Botulinun-Neurotoxin und den Fortschritten in der Biotechnologie werden zuk nftige Botulinun-Neurotoxin-Produkte wahrscheinlich noch effektiver und auf die spezifischen Indikationen und Bed rfnisse der Patienten zugeschnitten sein. Seine zunehmende Anwendung unter verschiedenen Umst nden macht es zum vielseitigsten Medikament auf dem Markt, das fast alle medizinischen Fachgebiete abdeckt. Obwohl es als effizient und sicher gilt, gibt es immer noch viele Einschr nkungen, wie z. B. injektionsbedingte Unannehmlichkeiten, vergleichsweise kurze Dauer der Reaktion, die M glichkeit der Immunogenit t und hoch.

Toksyny są zwykle uważane za czynniki szkodliwe, jednak mogą byc bardzo pomocne w terapii chor b czlowieka. Neurotoksyna botulinowa (BTX) byla pierwszym bialkiem bakteryjnym podawanym we wstrzyknięciach i stosowanym terapeutycznie u ludzi. BTX okazal się jednym z najbardziej uniwersalnych środk w terapeutycznych we wsp lczesnej medycynie, mającym więcej zastosowań klinicznych niż jakikolwiek inny dostępny obecnie na rynku. Dzięki lepszemu zrozumieniu mechanizm w kom rkowych dzialania neurotoksyny botulinowej oraz postępom biotechnologii, przyszle produkty z neurotoksyną botulinową będą prawdopodobnie jeszcze bardziej skuteczne i dostosowane do konkretnych wskazań oraz potrzeb pacjent w. Jej coraz szersze zastosowanie, w r żnych okolicznościach, czyni ją najbardziej uniwersalnym lekiem na rynku, obejmującym niemal wszystkie specjalności medyczne. Mimo, że uważany jest za skuteczny i bezpieczny, nadal ma wiele ograniczeń, takich jak dyskomfort związany z iniekcją, stosunkowo kr tki czas trwania reakcji, możliwośc immunogenności i wysoki.

Toxins are usually considered to be damaging agents; however, they may be very helpful in the therapy of human illness. Botulinum neurotoxin (BTX) was the first microbial protein to be administered by injection to be used therapeutically in humans. BTX has appeared as one of the most multipurpose therapeutic agents in modern medicine with more clinical apps than any other presently on the market. With a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of botulinun neurotoxin and the advances in biotechnology, future botulinun neurotoxin products are likely to be even more effective and customized to the specific indications and tailored to the needs of patients. Its increasing implementation, under various circumstances, makes it the most versatile drug on the market, spanning almost all medical specialties. Although deemed efficient and secure, there are still many constraints, such as injection-related discomfort, comparatively brief length of reaction, the chance of immunogenicity, and high.

Apart from industrial robots there is another class of robots which are of interest to space industry for its lightweight structure. The lightweight flexible robots are advantageous compared to rigid ones in several fronts such as higher payload-to-arm weight ratio, faster execution, and low power actuator requirements. But with these advantages, there lies an array of control complexities in Flexible Robot manipulators, as the modelling and control of a flexible robot is complex and difficult due to under actuated behavior, non linear time varying and distributed system parameters. In the past, many control strategies have been proposed for the tip position control of flexible link robots but most of these techniques have not considered actuator dynamics in modelling and experimental validation is not carried out.The book shows the use of a non linear model of a single link flexible robot manipulator obtained using Assumed Mode Method (AMM). The actuator dynamics has also been incorporated in the modelling of the single link flexible robot. The model thus obtained is experimentally validated using SIMULINK/MATLAB.

One of the promising new field of science is nanotechnology. Concrete is one of the most largely used material being modified for the better introduction of nanomaterials like nano-silica, nano-alumina, etc. The present study incorporates silica fume as a partial replacement of cement. In this study, properties such as compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength, and sulfate resistance of M40 grade of concrete using micro silica are studied. The cement (OPC Grade 43) was replaced by 0%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 15% silica fume. The cubical specimens of standard size (150mm) were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days respectively to calculate its compressive strength. For split tensile and flexural strength, cylindrical specimens (300 150) mm and beam specimens (750 150 150) mm were cast respectively. For sulfate resistance, cement is replaced by 0%, 5%, 8%, and 15% silica fume, and standard cubical specimens were cast.

This study aims at the study of the effect of polycarboxylic ether superplasticizer on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Superplasticizers are frequently used in order to improve the workability of mortar and concrete. The addition of superplasticizers aims at controlling the flow properties and the reduction of the water to cement ratio while maintaining workability in order to reach high strength and durability. Newer superplasticizer generations are based on comb-shaped polycarboxylates (as used in this study, hereinafter called PCE). Their dispersing effect is due to the adsorption of polymers on particle surfaces and the production of electrostatic and/or steric repulsive forces. Polycarboxylate ether based superplasticizer (PCE) is commonly used in concrete technology when high flow properties and water reduction are specified.