Paul Baker

This Element reports on the creation and analysis of a 1.5-million-word corpus consisting of a year's worth of UK national press news articles about Islam and Muslims, published between December 2022 and November 2023. The corpus also contains 8,546 image files which have been automatically tagged using Google's Vertex AI. Analysis was carried out on three levels a) written text only, b) images only, c) interactions between written text and images. Using examples from the analyses, the authors demonstrate the affordances of these three approaches, providing a critical evaluation of Vertex AI's capabilities and the abilities of popular corpus software to work with visually tagged corpora. The Element acts as a practical guide for researchers who want to carry out this form of analysis. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

This Element reports on the creation and analysis of a 1.5-million-word corpus consisting of a year's worth of UK national press news articles about Islam and Muslims, published between December 2022 and November 2023. The corpus also contains 8,546 image files which have been automatically tagged using Google's Vertex AI. Analysis was carried out on three levels a) written text only, b) images only, c) interactions between written text and images. Using examples from the analyses, the authors demonstrate the affordances of these three approaches, providing a critical evaluation of Vertex AI's capabilities and the abilities of popular corpus software to work with visually tagged corpora. The Element acts as a practical guide for researchers who want to carry out this form of analysis. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Model-driven development has become the most important new paradigm in software development and has already demonstrated considerable impact in reducing time to market and improving product quality. However, the development of high-quality systems not only requires systematic development processes but also systematic test processes. This book is about systematic, model-driven test processes in the context of UML. As UML provides only limited means for the design and development of test artifacts, a consortium was formed by the Object Management Group (OMG) to develop a UML profile for model-driven testing – the UML Testing Profile (UTP), an official OMG standard since 2005. Written by the original members of this standardization group, this book shows you how to use UML to test complex software systems. The authors introduce UTP step-by-step, using a case study that illustrates how UTP can be used for test modeling and test specification. You’ll learn how UTP concepts can be used for functional and non-functional testing, with example applications and best practices for user-interfaces and service oriented architectures. In addition, the authors demonstrate how to apply UTP using frameworks like TTCN-3 and the JUnit test framework for Java. This book is the definitive reference for the only UML-based test specification language, written by the creators of that language. It is supported by an Internet site that provides information on the latest tools and uses of the profile.

Model-driven development has become the most important new paradigm in software development and has already demonstrated considerable impact in reducing time to market and improving product quality. However, the development of high-quality systems not only requires systematic development processes but also systematic test processes. This book is about systematic, model-driven test processes in the context of UML. As UML provides only limited means for the design and development of test artifacts, a consortium was formed by the Object Management Group (OMG) to develop a UML profile for model-driven testing – the UML Testing Profile (UTP), an official OMG standard since 2005. Written by the original members of this standardization group, this book shows you how to use UML to test complex software systems. The authors introduce UTP step-by-step, using a case study that illustrates how UTP can be used for test modeling and test specification. You’ll learn how UTP concepts can be used for functional and non-functional testing, with example applications and best practices for user-interfaces and service oriented architectures. In addition, the authors demonstrate how to apply UTP using frameworks like TTCN-3 and the JUnit test framework for Java. This book is the definitive reference for the only UML-based test specification language, written by the creators of that language. It is supported by an Internet site that provides information on the latest tools and uses of the profile.

Communication is central to the experience of illness and the provision of healthcare. This book showcases the insights that can be gained into health communication by means of corpus linguistics – the computer-aided linguistic analysis of large datasets of naturally occurring language use known as 'corpora'. The book takes readers through the stages that they must go through to carry out corpus linguistic research on health communication, from formulating research questions to disseminating findings to interested stakeholders. It helps readers anticipate and deal with different kinds of challenges they may encounter, and shows the variety of applications of the methods discussed, from interactions in Accident and Emergency departments, to online discussions of mental illness, and press representations of obesity. Providing the reader with a wide range of clear case studies, it makes the relevant methods and findings accessible, engaging and inspiring. This title is also available open access on Cambridge Core.

Communication is central to the experience of illness and the provision of healthcare. This book showcases the insights that can be gained into health communication by means of corpus linguistics – the computer-aided linguistic analysis of large datasets of naturally occurring language use known as 'corpora'. The book takes readers through the stages that they must go through to carry out corpus linguistic research on health communication, from formulating research questions to disseminating findings to interested stakeholders. It helps readers anticipate and deal with different kinds of challenges they may encounter, and shows the variety of applications of the methods discussed, from interactions in Accident and Emergency departments, to online discussions of mental illness, and press representations of obesity. Providing the reader with a wide range of clear case studies, it makes the relevant methods and findings accessible, engaging and inspiring. This title is also available open access on Cambridge Core.

Today, the topic of gender identity is being discussed more widely than ever before. With the rise of online misogyny and in the wake of #metoo, language around masculinity and toxic masculinity merits closer examination. Accessibly written by two leading linguists, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of the debates around language and masculinity, asking how language is used to perform masculinity and how language is used to represent men.Including examples of research from a range of international scholars, along with original case studies and engaging examples from popular culture, media, literature, advertising and politics, the authors address a wide range of theoretical and methodological standpoints. The book examines concepts of gender performativity, hegemonic masculinity and queer theory, drawing on disciplines and methods including conversation analysis, phonetics, ethnography, interviews, focus groups, visual analysis, discourse analysis, critical discourse studies and corpus linguistics. Situating male language use in terms of power, dominance and subordination, the book concludes with an examination of the more recent concepts of toxic masculinity and healthy masculinity, exploring critical stances towards and around language used by men.This book demonstrates the role that linguistic research can play in addressing real-world problems associated with masculinity – problems experienced by people of all genders and the natural world more broadly. Masculinities and Language is vital reading for scholars, researchers and students of language and gender, sexuality, identity, discourse analysis and sociolinguistics within linguistics, English language and related areas.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Today, the topic of gender identity is being discussed more widely than ever before. With the rise of online misogyny and in the wake of #metoo, language around masculinity and toxic masculinity merits closer examination. Accessibly written by two leading linguists, this book provides a comprehensive treatment of the debates around language and masculinity, asking how language is used to perform masculinity and how language is used to represent men.Including examples of research from a range of international scholars, along with original case studies and engaging examples from popular culture, media, literature, advertising and politics, the authors address a wide range of theoretical and methodological standpoints. The book examines concepts of gender performativity, hegemonic masculinity and queer theory, drawing on disciplines and methods including conversation analysis, phonetics, ethnography, interviews, focus groups, visual analysis, discourse analysis, critical discourse studies and corpus linguistics. Situating male language use in terms of power, dominance and subordination, the book concludes with an examination of the more recent concepts of toxic masculinity and healthy masculinity, exploring critical stances towards and around language used by men.This book demonstrates the role that linguistic research can play in addressing real-world problems associated with masculinity – problems experienced by people of all genders and the natural world more broadly. Masculinities and Language is vital reading for scholars, researchers and students of language and gender, sexuality, identity, discourse analysis and sociolinguistics within linguistics, English language and related areas.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

The Mounted Infantry had a short life spanning from the mid 1880’s until disbanded in 1913. To continue the camaraderie of the corps, past surviving members formed the M.I Club and in 1936 decided to publish a short history based on Regimental records and personal reflections. An appeal elicited responses and work was begun by Major Tomlin. The manuscript was almost complete at the start of the Second World War when an enthusiastic cull of papers by Tomlin’s family during a “wastepaper salvage drive” included much of the work he had completed. This would have been the end of the project, but Brigadier Standish G Craufurd intervened and undertook to rewrite the work using what material remained and his own resources. When the draft was substantially completed Sir Ian Hamilton (then in his 91st year) was approached to write the foreword, he responded that he felt this was a “makeshift history” that would best be left until the end of the war when access to records would be easier, and the manuscript could be improved upon. This archive including the unpublished manuscript, letters and reminiscences came up for sale on an online auction recently and provides a unique and interesting record of the Mounted Infantry. Considering that history of this corps is sparsely documented it would be, as Craufurd put it “a great pity to let slip an account of a side issue of the old Army, a very distinct phase, just before the great change brought by the Great War”.

'My dear, she's on fire!' DAMIAN BARR'A snappy guide to an all-conquering aesthetic' Financial Times'The following things have seemed impossibly camp to me at one point or another: a doll whose body acts as a cover for a toilet roll, a tantrum over wire coat hangers, a 1950s muscle magazine featuring a photo of a young man dressed as a gladiator, and a rat underneath a silver serving platter'An essential reappraisal of camp across time and across the globe, from the author of Fabulosa! and Outrageous!Camp has been an inescapable part of popular culture for at least the last 150 years. Famously unrestrained and ever evolving, it has not only captured the cultural imagination, but also played an important role as a form of protest and resistance. Paul Baker takes us through camp's rebellious and revolutionary past with warmth, humour and sensitivity, starting with the court of Louis XIV and the dandies of the eighteenth century through to Showgirls, Harlem's drag balls and Columbian telenovelas.Throughout its history, camp has been a place of refuge and renewal, of heroism and hedonism. This glorious celebration traces camp's journey from the fringes of society to the mainstream.

How do violent jihadists use language to try to persuade people to carry out violent acts? This book analyses over two million words of texts produced by violent jihadists to identify and examine the linguistic strategies employed. Taking a mixed methods approach, the authors combine quantitative methods from corpus linguistics, which allows the identification of frequent words and phrases, alongside close reading of texts via discourse analysis. The analysis compares language use across three sets of texts: those which advocate violence, those which take a hostile but non-violent standpoint, and those which take a moderate perspective, identifying the different uses of language associated with different stages of radicalization. The book also discusses how strategies including use of Arabic, romanisation, formal English, quotation, metaphor, dehumanisation and collectivisation are used to create in- and out-groups and justify violence.

How can you carry out discourse analysis using corpus linguistics? What research questions should I ask? Which methods should you use and when? What is a collocational network or a key cluster? Introducing the major techniques, methods and tools for corpus-assisted analysis of discourse, this book answers these questions and more, showing readers how to best use corpora in their analyses of discourse. Using carefully tailored case studies, each chapter is devoted to a central technique, including frequency, concordancing and keywords, going step by step through the process of applying different analytical procedures. Introducing a wide range of different corpora, from holiday brochures to political debates, the book considers the key debates and latest advances in the field. Fully revised and updated, this new edition includes:- A new chapter on how to conduct research projects in corpus-based discourse analysis- Completely rewritten chapters on collocation and advanced techniques, using a corpus of jihadist propaganda texts and covering topics such as social media and visual analysis- Coverage of major tools, including CQPweb, AntConc, Sketch Engine and #LancsBox- Discussion of newer techniques including the derivation of lockwords and the comparison of multiple data sets for diachronic analysisWith exercises, discussion questions and suggested further readings in each chapter, this book is an excellent guide to using corpus linguistics techniques to carry out discourse analysis.

How can you carry out discourse analysis using corpus linguistics? What research questions should I ask? Which methods should you use and when? What is a collocational network or a key cluster? Introducing the major techniques, methods and tools for corpus-assisted analysis of discourse, this book answers these questions and more, showing readers how to best use corpora in their analyses of discourse. Using carefully tailored case studies, each chapter is devoted to a central technique, including frequency, concordancing and keywords, going step by step through the process of applying different analytical procedures. Introducing a wide range of different corpora, from holiday brochures to political debates, the book considers the key debates and latest advances in the field. Fully revised and updated, this new edition includes:- A new chapter on how to conduct research projects in corpus-based discourse analysis- Completely rewritten chapters on collocation and advanced techniques, using a corpus of jihadist propaganda texts and covering topics such as social media and visual analysis- Coverage of major tools, including CQPweb, AntConc, Sketch Engine and #LancsBox- Discussion of newer techniques including the derivation of lockwords and the comparison of multiple data sets for diachronic analysisWith exercises, discussion questions and suggested further readings in each chapter, this book is an excellent guide to using corpus linguistics techniques to carry out discourse analysis.

Why is language so important to the ways that we make sense of anxiety? This book uses corpus assisted discourse analysis to examine twenty-three million words of text posted to a forum for people with anxiety. It shows how linguistic techniques like catastrophisation and anthropomorphisation can result in very different conceptualisations of anxiety, as well as how aspects of identity like age, sex and cultural background can impact on understandings of anxiety and how it ought to be managed. It tracks the changing identities of posters, from their first posts to their last, and incorporates a range of corpus-based techniques to examine the language data, enabling consideration of interaction between participants and features associated with online forms of communication like emoji. It ultimately provides a step towards a better understanding of different responses to anxiety and aims to promote further engagement with this topic in the field of applied linguistics.

Why is language so important to the ways that we make sense of anxiety? This book uses corpus assisted discourse analysis to examine twenty-three million words of text posted to a forum for people with anxiety. It shows how linguistic techniques like catastrophisation and anthropomorphisation can result in very different conceptualisations of anxiety, as well as how aspects of identity like age, sex and cultural background can impact on understandings of anxiety and how it ought to be managed. It tracks the changing identities of posters, from their first posts to their last, and incorporates a range of corpus-based techniques to examine the language data, enabling consideration of interaction between participants and features associated with online forms of communication like emoji. It ultimately provides a step towards a better understanding of different responses to anxiety and aims to promote further engagement with this topic in the field of applied linguistics.

'My dear, she's on fire!' DAMIAN BARR'A snappy guide to an all-conquering aesthetic' Financial Times'The following things have seemed impossibly camp to me at one point or another: a doll whose body acts as a cover for a toilet roll, a tantrum over wire coat hangers, a 1950s muscle magazine featuring a photo of a young man dressed as a gladiator, and a rat underneath a silver serving platter'An essential reappraisal of camp across time and across the globe, from the author of Fabulosa! and Outrageous!Camp has been an inescapable part of popular culture for at least the last 150 years. Famously unrestrained and ever evolving, it has not only captured the cultural imagination, but also played an important role as a form of protest and resistance. Paul Baker takes us through camp's rebellious and revolutionary past with warmth, humour and sensitivity, starting with the court of Louis XIV and the dandies of the eighteenth century through to Showgirls, Harlem's drag balls and Columbian telenovelas.Throughout its history, camp has been a place of refuge and renewal, of heroism and hedonism. This glorious celebration traces camp's journey from the fringes of society to the mainstream.

The breadth and spread of corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS) indicate its usefulness for exploring language use within a social context. However, its theoretical foundations, limitations, and epistemological implications must be considered so that we can adjust our research designs accordingly. This Element offers a compact guide to which corpus linguistic tools are available and how they can contribute to finding out more about discourse. It will appeal to researchers both new and experienced, within the CADS community and beyond.

On 23 May 1988, Paul Baker sat down with his family to eat cake on his sixteenth birthday while The Six O’Clock News played in the background. But something was not quite right. There was muffled shouting – ‘Stop Section 28!’ – and a scuffle. The morning papers would announce: ‘Beeb Man Sits on Lesbian’.The next day Section 28 passed into law, forbidding local authorities from teaching ‘the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship’. It would send shockwaves through British society, silencing gay pupils and teachers while galvanizing mass protests and the formation of the LGBTQ+ rights groups OutRage! and Stonewall.Now available in paperback, Outrageous! tells the full story: the background to the Act, how the press fanned the flames and what politicians said during debates, how protestors fought back to bring about the repeal of the law in the 2000s, and its eventual legacy. Based on detailed research, interviews with key figures – including Ian McKellen, Michael Cashman and Angela Mason – and personal recollection, it is an impassioned, warm, often moving account of unthinkable prejudice enshrined within law, and of the power of community to overcome it.

This Element explores approaches to locating and examining social identity in corpora with and without the aid of demographic metadata. This is a key concern in corpus-aided studies of language and identity, and this Element sets out to explore the main challenges and affordances associated with either approach and to discern what either approach can (and cannot) show. It describes two case studies which each compare two approaches to social identity variables – sex and age – in a corpus of 14-million words of patient comments about NHS cancer services in England. The first approach utilises demographic tags to group comments according to patients' sex/age while the second involves categorising cases where patients disclose their sex/age in their comments. This Element compares the findings from either approach, with the approaches themselves being critically discussed in terms of their implications for corpus-aided studies of language and identity.