Petter Gottschalk

Internal reviews of tangible or perceived deviant behavior within the contemporary business sphere typically involve expert individuals and teams drawn from the legal and financial services professions.

This book provides a detailed socio-legal examination of the experiences, perceptions, and responses of individual white-collar defendants following the criminal trial process. White-collar crime is defined both in an offense-based perspective and an offender-based perspective. The offense-based perspective focuses on non-violent acts for financial gain, while the offender-based perspective focuses on members of the elite in society who abuse their professional positions for financial gain. Applying both of these definitions, this book pursues a close comparative analysis of a number of key international white-collar crime case studies. Examining the formal ritual of the criminal legal process, the book considers the experience of defendants within the performative context of the other legal actors in the trial: advocates, judges and public participants. In doing so, the book offers a nuanced and compelling socio-legal analysis of the process of white-collar trial and punishment, whilst critically exploring the perceptions and experiences of elite defendants within this under-researched area of the public sphere. This book will appeal to scholars and students of socio-legal studies, corporate law, and criminal justice.

Business Conformance in Sport Management examines how leadership styles, governance structures, and organizational cultures in sport organizations secure both legal compliance and social conformance through principles of democracy, transparency, ethics, and inclusion. The book offers a comprehensive overview of management approaches ranging from controlling to stimulating leadership styles, federal to unitary governance structures, and inclusive to exclusive organisational cultures. Through a detailed examination of these frameworks within the field of sport, the book sheds light onto when each approach proves most effective, with particular emphasis on the International Biathlon Union case study before and after its corruption scandal. Readers will gain three essential insights: a contingent approach to leadership that adapts to specific sport management situations; a critical distinction between legal compliance and social conformance with their differing consequences; and an application of convenience theory that explains leadership deviance through motives, opportunities, and attitudes. The book delivers these benefits through evidence-based frameworks, comparative analyses, and practical case studies that demonstrate effective governance models. The book also provides actionable strategies for implementing ethical leadership practices while navigating the complex regulatory landscape of modern sport. Through rigorous empirical research and theoretical foundations, readers will develop the analytical tools to identify governance vulnerabilities before they become crises. Each chapter builds upon core concepts with real-world examples that illustrate how leadership decisions impact organizational reputation, stakeholder trust, and long-term sustainability in the competitive sport ecosystem. This book will be useful for students, researchers and academics interested in sport management, sport and business, business leadership, and organizational behaviour.

Business Conformance in Sport Management examines how leadership styles, governance structures, and organizational cultures in sport organizations secure both legal compliance and social conformance through principles of democracy, transparency, ethics, and inclusion. The book offers a comprehensive overview of management approaches ranging from controlling to stimulating leadership styles, federal to unitary governance structures, and inclusive to exclusive organizational cultures. Through a detailed examination of these frameworks within the field of sport, the book sheds light onto when each approach proves most effective, with particular emphasis on the International Biathlon Union case study before and after its corruption scandal. Readers will gain three essential insights: a contingent approach to leadership that adapts to specific sport management situations; a critical distinction between legal compliance and social conformance with their differing consequences; and an application of convenience theory that explains leadership deviance through motives, opportunities, and attitudes. The book delivers these benefits through evidence-based frameworks, comparative analyses, and practical case studies that demonstrate effective governance models. The book also provides actionable strategies for implementing ethical leadership practices while navigating the complex regulatory landscape of modern sport. Through rigorous empirical research and theoretical foundations, readers will develop the analytical tools to identify governance vulnerabilities before they become crises. Each chapter builds upon core concepts with real-world examples that illustrate how leadership decisions impact organizational reputation, stakeholder trust, and long-term sustainability in the competitive sport ecosystem. This book will be useful for students, researchers, and academics interested in sport management, sport and business, business leadership, and organizational behavior.

In market economies, companies in the same industry are expected to compete with one another. However, one might ask, 'would it not be more convenient for competing companies to cooperate with each other?' This would certainly seem to avoid threats and allow each company to gain from joint possibilities.By applying the theory of convenience, this book gains insights into the phenomenon of cartels. This theory suggests that there are motives, opportunities, and, crucially, willingness for deviant behavior by corporate executives in many industries. Throughout the book, both the characteristics of cartels and the nature of convenience are explained, supported by presentations and analyses of recent case studies.The central rationale behind this book is to explain the motives, opportunities, and willingness for deviant behavior committed by cartel members. Put simply, you cannot fight something that you don't understand, just as you cannot fight someone that you don't understand. Accordingly, these insights into the cartel phenomenon are supported by convenience analysis, accounting for how corporate executives vary in their convenience orientation and specificity. The target of antitrust enforcement must be reducing the convenience of cartel membership: the opportunities for committing and concealing wrongdoing, and the situations where potential offenders have both the motive and the willingness for deviance.

The principal focus of Corporate Conformance and the Social License: A Criminological Perspective is to enhance and broaden the criminological dialogue surrounding the role of and effect of corporate conformance as a key element in the maintenance of the social license to operate. The book posits that in recent years conformance has emerged as a key component in shaping corporate behaviour and informing corporate crises. With a series of widely publicised global scandals heightening awareness of extensive and serious repercussions, revealing severe financial and environmental impacts, operational issues, and even existential concerns. This has led to a growing body of research focusing on how such crises materialise, are perceived and might be strategically managed and prevented. The book foregrounds conformance as a proactive demonstration of adherence to contemporary ethical standards of globalized business practice, with the authors offering a novel perspective that considers conformance and associated normative pressures within a criminological framework. Here, convenience theory is applied to analyse a series of important contemporary case-studies, with the research illustrating how corporations and their stakeholders have used conformance to manage, maintain and, following periods of crisis, attempt to regain their corporate license to operate. The book further explores differences in strategic conformance responses in terms of perceptions and reactions from the public, media and criminal justice system.

In this pioneering monograph based upon extensive primary research, Gottschalk and Hamerton explore and evaluate the developing global field of internal investigations within complex organizations. Applying an offender-based perspective, the authors explore the central role of convenience in seeking to inform, improve and develop policy and practice. A comparative interdisciplinary work, with extensive coverage of European, North American, African and Asian paradigms, The Internal Review of Corporate Deviancepresents empirical fieldwork supplemented by the detailed analysis of a large number of internal reviews produced on completion of internal investigations. The aggregate research gathered considers offender motive, conformance, potential damage and recovery of the corporate social license, and convenience themes, while critically assessing investigation effectiveness and review maturity – as both successful and deficient practice. In doing so, the book presents a close analysis of the field to identify, position, and reveal the strategic role of internal review and impact of the social license on contemporary conceptions of white-collar deviance and crime. This book will be of interest to scholars of criminology, business management, law and sociology, along with practitioners and professionals within allied disciplines.

The principal aim of Corporate Crisis Recovery: Managing Organizational Deviance, Reputation, and Risk is to complement and expand criminological discourse on the concept of the social license to operate as a means of influencing the behaviour of corporations. In recent years, the wide-spanning consequences of some very public globalized corporate crises - including fiscal and environmental impact, staff retention, and organizational survival - have led to a growing body of research on crisis perception and responsive strategic management. Developments that position corporate crisis recovery as an anticipated requirement of visible compliance to normalized and anticipated standards of ethical practice and business conduct. Utilizing convenience theory to illustrate how corporations, and the individuals therein, are able to lose, repair, and recover the corporate license to operate after corruption and scandal, the book develops to evaluate the responses of the public and criminal justice process to serious reputational damage and substantial breach of trust.

This book takes an in-depth look at corruption in sport and its intersection with criminal justice and governance processes. Focused on the high-profile case of alleged corruption in the International Biathlon Union (IBU), the book draws important conclusions for criminal justice as well as reform in sport and for the investigation and prosecution of white-collar crime. Adopting an innovative analytical framework based on convenience theory, the book explores in detail how corruption and other forms of economic crime have been investigated and prosecuted in sport. It considers aspects of the criminal justice process, including internal investigation; the role of the police and witnesses; media reporting of the case, and the opportunity structure that enables offenders to commit and conceal wrongdoing. The book also considers the wider significance of the IBU case, given the rise to prominence of biathlon within international and Olympic sport, and offers thoughts on the key lessons of this case for sporting, governmental and legal authorities. This book is fascinating reading for any researcher, advanced student, policy maker or practitioner with an interest in sport governance, sport policy, criminology, criminal justice, organisational behaviour, or the relationship between business, law and society.

This book addresses corporate wrongdoing as a criminal phenomenon driven by convenience. Corrective recovery triggers include crime detection, corporate scandal, whistleblowing, and bottom-up change management. While compliance refers to meeting legal and other formal obligations, conformance refers to meeting and potentially exceeding societal and other informal norms and obligations. Lack of conformance tends to have immediate and serious consequences when revealed. People react when corporations pollute rivers, do business with authoritarian regimes, provide favors to government officials, look another way at money laundering, and commit other forms of wrongdoing that might never end up in the criminal justice system. People express their reactions in social media, in the press, and in the street by demonstrations.Corporate compliance and conformance programs require monitoring, auditing, corrective actions, and system modifications or redesign to prevent future problem behavior. Window-dressing by symbol change rather than substance change does not work anymore. Often, deviant executives need to be replaced after honest accounts of wrongdoing, where an account refers to a statement made by the entity to explain negative behavior that has become subject to inquiry by stakeholders and others. Denial, justification, excuse, apology, scapegoating, victimization, crusading, or other explanatory attempts should be avoided. The contribution of this book to the literature is to present a range of corrective recovery responses that help reduce crime convenience.

Economic Crime and Conceptions of Trust explores the intricacies of the contemporary concept of trust in episodes of misconduct through an analysis of workplace deviance and crime. Grounded in detailed examinations of contemporary case studies and bolstered by original comparative fieldwork, the text takes an offender-focused approach, emphasizing the pivotal role of convenience. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective, the authors seek to enhance and broaden existing understanding of white-collar and corporate criminology, while also highlighting its relevance to strategic management studies. A core argument of the book is that the traditional emphasis on individual actors and notions of trustworthiness when conceptualising white-collar has waned in recent times. The authors’ perspective revisits and builds upon this important foundational concept of late twentieth-century discourse within the discipline, signalling a need for a reassessment and highlighting a number of recent conceptual developments to evaluate and position trust within the twenty-first century globalized business sphere.

Crisis Management: Recovering the Social License by Corporate Conformance expands the literature on crisis management by drawing on criminological concepts such as individual and corporate deviance by misconduct convenience. Gottschalk discusses a variety of crisis management situations, and crisis management readiness is emphasized. The theory of convenience suggests that deviance is caused by motive of possibilities or threats, opportunity to commit and conceal, and willingness for deviant behaviour depending on convenience orientation. The social license to operate that refers to the extent of stakeholder acceptance of business operations can be recovered in a crisis situation: this book describes the crisis management and strategies that should be employed when the social license has been violated.

This book discusses the role of whistleblowing in the detection of white-collar crime through examination of publicly available internal investigation reports and evaluation of allegations and suspicions of potential misconduct. The analysis focuses on offender convenience, considering factors such as motive, opportunity, and willingness to engage in deviant behavior. This process also evaluates the maturity of the investigation, critically reviewing the report for relevance, information sources, and basis of conclusions, in order to assign the investigation to a stage on the following growth models: • Activity oriented investigation • Problem oriented investigation • Detection oriented investigation • Value oriented investigation. This approach facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the investigation process and its findings. The method used aims to prove the presence of deviant behavior in the white-collar officials and impact of a clean investigation process. This book is ideal for scholars and practitioners of white-collar crime.

Focusing on understanding business offenders through an exploration of workplace deviance and crime, this book closely examines a number of illustrative contemporary case studies and underpins the analysis of original comparative fieldwork, with an interdisciplinary approach, which informs, develops, and augments the existing literature on white-collar criminology. The book contends, inter alia, that the traditional centrality of the individual actor within narratives of white-collar offending has receded somewhat in recent years despite being a founding artifact within its late twentieth- century discourse, and that therefore a detailed reassessment is overdue.

This book makes a distinctive and innovative contribution to the study of white-collar and corporate crime through detailed examination of the use, affect, and violation of the corporate social license – a concept frequently extended to a license to operate.

So long as there are weaknesses that can be exploited for gain, companies, other organizations and private individuals will be taken advantage of. This theoretically-based but hugely practical book focuses on what is generally seen as financial or economic crime: theft, fraud, manipulation, and corruption. Petter Gottschalk considers how, in some competitive environments, goals can 'legitimise' all kinds of means, and how culture can exert a role in relation to what is seen as acceptable or unacceptable behaviour by individuals. In Investigation and Prevention of Financial Crime he addresses important topics including organized crime, money laundering, cyber crime, corruption in law enforcement agencies, and whistleblowing, and provides expert advice about strategies for the use of intelligence to combat financial crime. The uniqueness of his approach to the subject lies in the way he is able to explain intelligence and intelligence processes in the wider context of knowledge and knowledge management. The numerous case studies throughout the book illustrate the 'policing' of financial crime from an intelligence, knowledge management and systems perspective. Law enforcers, lawyers, security personnel, consultants and investigators, as well as those in auditing and accountancy and with responsibilities for containing risk in banks, other financial institutions and in businesses generally, will find this an invaluable source of practical guidance. The book will also be of interest to advanced students and researchers in criminology and police science.

This book reviews a range of reports written by fraud examiners after completing internal investigations. These reports are normally kept secret and are the property of client organizations, which do not wish to disclose potential wrongdoing that can harm the reputation of the businesses.Fraud Examinations in White-Collar Crime Investigations was able to retrieve several recent reports, including foreign aid kickbacks, Russian favors to the Biathlon president, and Leon Black’s deals with Jeffrey Epstein. While not claiming that the obtained reports are representative for the outcome of the private investigation industry, the reports do provide insights into the variety of issues that fraud examiners address in their internal investigations and the quality of their work. This book identifies convenience themes and assesses investigation maturity across the reports analyzed. It considers the motives of and opportunities for white-collar criminals, as well as their willingness to engage in unlawful activity, and assesses to what extent fraud examiners are either efficient or deficient in their work.A compelling read, this book will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, law, and politics, and all those interested in fraud examinations in relation to white-collar crime.

Traditionally, control in organizations is concerned with top-down approaches, where executives attempt to direct their employees’ attention, behaviors, and performance to align with the organization’s goals and objectives. This book takes a new approach by turning the problem of control upside down as it focuses on control of executives who find white-collar crime convenient. The bottom-up approach to executive compliance focuses on organizational measures to make white-collar crime less convenient for potential offenders. Rather than focusing on the regulatory formalities and staged procedures of compliance and audits, the book emphasizes the organizational challenges involved in compliance work when trusted corporate officials exhibit deviant behavior, refining, and advancing knowledge in this field by reference to contemporary international case studies and associated original evaluative research. The themes and cases covered are carefully selected to provide the reader with an insight into professional conduct and procedural practice – the organization of corporate compliance success, failure, and corruption – with the theory of convenience placed at the fore. It is the bottom-up approach by application of convenience theory that makes the proposed book unique compared to other books on corporate compliance. This book is a valuable resource for scholars and upper-level students researching and studying in the areas of business administration, organizational behavior, corporate and white-collar crime, as well as business ethics and auditing.

This book investigates how offenders of white-collar crime misuse legal loopholes in the courtroom. From powerful and corrupt alliances to a tough judicial battle, this volume looks at case studies from across the world to shed light on these matters and others, including: • How legal systems work when offenders have deep roots and connections • The courtroom proceedings and how offenders can manipulate the law • Global case studies supporting recommendations for resolving these issues The inside-look into the courtroom and accompanying critical analysis make this volume perfect for new graduate scholars, practitioners, and researchers working with perpetrators of white-collar crime.

Traditionally, corporate control is all about top-down approaches to management of employees. Executives attempt to influence employees toward achieving business goals, and they attempt to prevent and detect wrongdoing, misconduct, and crime among employees. However, top-down approaches to corporate control do not work when executives and other privileged individuals in the business themselves commit and conceal their wrongdoing, misconduct, and crime in organizational settings. Then there is a need for a bottom-up approach in corporate control as outlined in this book. Bottom-up control refers to the manner in which organizational members can use different types of control mechanisms – such as whistleblowing, transparency, resource access, or culture – to monitor, measure, and evaluate executives’ avoidance of deviant behaviors and influence them toward achieving the organization’s goals in efficient and effective ways. The newly emerging perspective of a social license to operate forms part of the bottom-up strategy where criminalization becomes social property independent of the criminal justice system. The social license is predominantly centered on social permission for business activity where the media, social movements, and citizen watchdogs exert pressure, demand change, and bring top management to account. This book presents a novel approach to corporate control of white-collar crime based on the theory of convenience. White-collar crime is financial crime committed by privileged individuals who have legitimate access to resources based on the power and trust inherent through their professional positions. Convenience theory proposes that motive, opportunity, and willingness are the three dimensions that underlie white-collar crime in an organizational context. This book contributes to the study of white-collar criminality through a blend of theoretical discussions and practical materials that illuminate and support the use of convenience theory. The book discusses how bottom-up approaches can overcome the difficulty of detecting white-collar crime and overcome the barriers of preventing executive deviance.