Qing Zhou

Children's temperament is a central individual characteristic that has significant implications, directly and indirectly, for their social, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and health outcomes, through its evocative and moderating effects on other social and contextual influences. Accounting for these contextual influences is critical to articulating the role of temperament in children's development. This Element defines temperament and describes its roots in neurobiological systems as well as its relevance to children's developmental outcomes, with a focus on understanding the influence of temperament in children's social and environmental contexts. It covers key developmental periods, situating the contribution of temperament to children's development in complex and changing processes and contexts from infancy through adolescence. The Element concludes by underscoring the value of integrating contextual, relational, and dynamic systems approaches and pointing to future directions in temperament research and application.

This comprehensive database on physical properties of pure ionic liquids (ILs) contains data collected from 269 peer-reviewed papers in the period from 1982 to June 2008. There are more than 9,400 data points on the 29 kinds of physicochemical properties for 1886 available ionic liquids, from which 807 kinds of cations and 185 kinds of anions were extracted. This book includes nearly all known pure ILs and their known physicochemical properties through June 2008. In addition, the authors incorporate the main applications of individual ILs and a large number of references.

Inferring latent structure and causality is crucial for understanding underlying patterns and relationships hidden in the data. This book covers selected models for latent structures and causal networks and inference methods for these models.After an introduction to the EM algorithm on incomplete data, the book provides a detailed coverage of a few widely used latent structure models, including mixture models, hidden Markov models, and stochastic block models. EM and variation EM algorithms are developed for parameter estimation under these models, with comparison to their Bayesian inference counterparts. We make further extensions of these models to related problems, such as clustering, motif discovery, Kalman filtering, and exchangeable random graphs. Conditional independence structures are utilized to infer the latent structures in the above models, which can be represented graphically. This notion generalizes naturally to the second part on graphical models that use graph separation to encode conditional independence. We cover a variety of graphical models, including undirected graphs, directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), chain graphs, and acyclic directed mixed graphs (ADMGs), and various Markov properties for these models. Recent methods that learn the structure of a graphical model from data are reviewed and discussed. In particular, DAGs and Bayesian networks are an important class of mathematical models for causality. After an introduction to causal inference with DAGs and structural equation models, we provide a detailed review of recent research on causal discovery via structure learning of graphs. Finally, we briefly introduce the causal bandit problem with sequential intervention.

This book mainly introduces the progress of ocular myasthenia gravis from the aspects of epidemiology, etiology and inducement, pathogenesis, clinical features, auxiliary examination, diagnosis and differential diagnosis and treatment, etc. In addition to cover some progress in the treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis, the authors also discuss some issues with controversial. The diagnosis of ocular myasthenia gravis mainly depends on the clinical manifestations of the patient, and patients often do not seek medical treatment until they have obvious ptosis or double vision, which is easy to be missed and misdiagnosed. Treatment for ocular myasthenia gravis is mainly to relieve ocular symptoms and delay or prevent progression from ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) to generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG). The authors highlight the early and correct diagnosis and treatment of OMG, which is the key to improve patients' quality of life and reduce OMG conversion rate. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically different from a conventional translation.

Children's temperament is a central individual characteristic that has significant implications, directly and indirectly, for their social, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and health outcomes, through its evocative and moderating effects on other social and contextual influences. Accounting for these contextual influences is critical to articulating the role of temperament in children's development. This Element defines temperament and describes its roots in neurobiological systems as well as its relevance to children's developmental outcomes, with a focus on understanding the influence of temperament in children's social and environmental contexts. It covers key developmental periods, situating the contribution of temperament to children's development in complex and changing processes and contexts from infancy through adolescence. The Element concludes by underscoring the value of integrating contextual, relational, and dynamic systems approaches and pointing to future directions in temperament research and application.

Network Robustness under Large-Scale Attacks provides the analysis of network robustness under attacks, with a focus on large-scale correlated physical attacks. The book begins with a thorough overview of the latest research and techniques to analyze the network responses to different types of attacks over various network topologies and connection models. It then introduces a new large-scale physical attack model coined as area attack, under which a new network robustness measure is introduced and applied to study the network responses. With this book, readers will learn the necessary tools to evaluate how a complex network responds to random and possibly correlated attacks.

Adolescence is often thought of as a period during which parent–child interactions can be relatively stressed and conflictual. There are individual differences in this regard, however, with only a modest percent of youth experiencing extremely conflictual relationships with their parents. Relatively little empirical research, however, addresses individual differences in the quality of parent–adolescent interactions concerning potentially conflictual issues. The research reported in this monograph examined dispositional and parenting predictors of the quality of parents’ and their adolescent children’s emotional displays and positive and negative verbalizations when dealing with conflictual issues. Of particular interest were patterns of continuity and discontinuity in the factors related to conflicts. A multimethod, multireporter (mother, teacher, and sometimes adolescent reports) longitudinal approach(over 4 years) was used to assess adolescents’ dispositional characteristics (control/regulation, resiliency, and negative emotionality), youths’ externalizing problems, and parenting variables (warmth, positive expressivity, discussion of emotion, positive and negative family expressivity). Parentadolescent conflicts appear to be influenced by both child characteristics and quality of prior and concurrent parenting, and child effects may be more evident than parent effects in this pattern of relations.