Ramachandra C G

El control num rico (NC) se refiere al uso de informaci n num rica codificada en el control autom tico del equipo. El Control Num rico puede definirse como un tipo de automatizaci n programable en el que el proceso es controlado por n meros, letras y s mbolos. Los n meros, letras y s mbolos est n dispuestos como un "programa de instrucciones" para un trabajo en particular. Tal programa se denomina programa de piezas. Los datos alfanum ricos representan las posiciones relativas entre un cabezal de trabajo y una pieza de trabajo, as como otras instrucciones necesarias para operar la m quina. El cabezal de trabajo es una herramienta de corte u otro aparato de procesamiento, y la pieza de trabajo es el objeto que se est procesando. Las principales aplicaciones del control num rico son aplicaciones de m quinas herramientas, como taladrar, fresar, tornear, rectificar, etc., y aplicaciones de herramientas no mec nicas, como ensamblar, dibujar. Las aplicaciones m s comunes del CN son en el control de m quinas herramientas. Las m quinas herramientas y los procesos que actualmente est n siendo controlados por potentes ordenadores se denominan M quinas de control num rico computarizado (CNC). El control num rico computarizado se define como un sistema de CN cuya unidad de control de la m quina se basa en un microordenador dedicado en lugar de en un controlador con cables.

Numerische Steuerung (NC) bezieht sich auf die Verwendung codierter numerischer Informationen bei der automatischen Steuerung von Ger ten. Numerische Steuerung kann als eine Art programmierbare Automatisierung definiert werden, bei der der Prozess durch Zahlen, Buchstaben und Symbole gesteuert wird. Die Zahlen, Buchstaben und Symbole sind als "Befehlsprogramm" f r einen bestimmten Auftrag angeordnet. Die alphanumerischen Daten stellen relative Positionen zwischen einem Arbeitskopf und einem Werkst ck sowie andere Anweisungen dar, die f r den Betrieb der Maschine erforderlich sind. Der Arbeitskopf ist ein Schneidwerkzeug oder eine andere Bearbeitungsvorrichtung, & das Werkst ck ist das zu bearbeitende Objekt. Die Hauptanwendungen der numerischen Steuerung sind Werkzeugmaschinen-anwendungen, wie Bohren, Fr sen, Drehen, Schleifen usw., & Nicht-Werkzeugmaschinenanwendungen, wie Montage, Zeichnen. Die h ufigsten Anwendungen der NC liegen in der Steuerung von Werkzeugmaschinen. Die Werkzeugmaschinen und Prozesse, die derzeit von leistungsf higen Computern gesteuert werden, werden als CNC-Maschinen (Computer Numerical Control) bezeichnet. Die numerische Computersteuerung ist definiert als ein NC-System, dessen Maschinensteuereinheit auf einem speziellen Mikrocomputer und nicht auf einer fest verdrahteten Steuerung basiert.

Il controllo numerico (NC) si riferisce all'uso di informazioni numeriche codificate nel controllo automatico delle apparecchiature. Il Controllo Numerico pu essere definito come una sorta di automazione programmabile in cui il processo controllato da numeri, lettere e simboli. I numeri lettere & simboli sono disposti come un "programma di istruzioni" per un particolare lavoro. Tale programma chiamato programma di pezzi. I dati alfanumerici rappresentano le posizioni relative tra una testa di lavoro e un pezzo, nonch altre istruzioni necessarie per il funzionamento della macchina. La testa di lavoro un utensile da taglio o altro apparato di lavorazione, e il pezzo da lavorare l'oggetto da lavorare. Le principali applicazioni del Controllo Numerico sono le applicazioni della macchina utensile, come la foratura, la fresatura, la tornitura, la rettifica ecc. e le applicazioni di utensili non macchina, come l'assemblaggio, il disegno. Le applicazioni pi comuni del controllo numerico sono nel controllo delle macchine utensili. Le macchine utensili e i processi attualmente controllati da potenti computer sono denominati Macchine a controllo numerico (CNC). Il controllo numerico computerizzato definito come un sistema NC la cui Unit di Controllo Macchina basata su un microcomputer dedicato piuttosto che su un controller cablato.

Numerieke controle (NC) verwijst naar het gebruik van gecodeerde numerieke informatie bij de automatische controle van apparatuur. Numerieke besturing kan worden gedefinieerd als een soort programmeerbare automatisering waarbij het proces wordt aangestuurd door cijfers, letters en symbolen. De cijfers, letters en symbolen zijn gerangschikt als een "programma van instructies" voor een bepaalde taak. Een dergelijk programma wordt een onderdeelprogramma genoemd. De alfanumerieke gegevens staan voor relatieve posities tussen een werkkop & een werkstuk en andere instructies die nodig zijn om de machine te bedienen. De werkkop is een snijgereedschap of een ander bewerkingsapparaat, & het werkstuk is het object dat wordt verwerkt. De belangrijkste toepassingen van Numerical Control zijn Machine-toepassingen, zoals boren, frezen, draaien, slijpen etc., & Niet-machine-toepassingen, zoals assemblage, tekenen. De meest voorkomende toepassingen van NC zijn in werktuigmachinebesturing. De werktuigmachine en processen die momenteel door krachtige computers worden aangestuurd, worden aangeduid als Computer numerical control (CNC) Machines. Computer numerieke besturing wordt gedefinieerd als een NC-systeem waarvan de Machine Control Unit is gebaseerd op een speciale microcomputer in plaats van op een hard-wired controller.

Management is the process of getting things done through & with the people in formally organized group. A manager in an organization gets the thing done by performing five basic functions viz. Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Controlling. To perform above functions, a manager has to take a variety of decisions. Thus, decision making is a fundamental pre-requisite for each of the foregoing process.The term "entrepreneurship" is often used synonymously with the "entrepreneur". Though they are two sides of the same coin, conceptually they are different. The entrepreneur is essentially a business leader and the functions performed by him are entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the purposeful activity of an individual or a group of associated individuals undertaken to initiate, maintain or organize a profit oriented business unit for the production or distribution of economic goods and services. The concept of entrepreneur is associated with three elements risk- bearing, organizing and innovating. Hence an entrepreneur can be defined as a person who tries to create something new, organizes production & undertakes risks and handles economic uncertainty involved in enterprise.

In modern machining practice, harder, stronger, and tougher materials that are more difficult to cut are frequently used. More attention is, therefore, directed toward machining processes where the mechanical properties of the workpiece material are not imposing any limits on the material removal process. In this regard, the nonconventional machining techniques came into practice as a possible alternative concerning machinability, shape complexity, surface integrity, and miniaturization requirements. Innovative machining techniques or modifications to the existing method by combining different machining processes were needed. Hybrid machining made use of the combined or mutually enhanced advantages and avoided the adverse effects of the constituent processes produced when they are individually applied. Non-traditional manufacturing processes is defined as a group of processes that remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy or combinations of these energies but do not use a sharp cutting tools as it needs to be used for traditional manufacturing processes.

Management information system is a general term for the academic discipline covering the application of people, technologies and procedures collectively. The information system could be used to provide solutions to business problems. In organizations, an information system supports not only business processes and operations but also decision making & competitive strategies which are the important factors in effective performance. Managing such an enterprise needs development of information systems in the functional areas which is the backbone of majority of organizations & such systems are referred to as Management information system. As applied to Management information system, the work under consideration can be defined technically as a set of interrelated information of various departments of the organization concerned which will support a smooth flow of information from one department to the other & generate the useful reports at any required time.In today's world of ever increasing complexities of business as well as management, every organization to survive and grow must have an efficient and effective MIS.

Manufacturing, in the broadest sense, is the process of converting raw materials into products. It consists of Designing the product, Selection of raw materials, Sequence of processes through which the product will be manufactured. In other words, manufacturing is the economic term for making goods and services available to satisfy human needs and wants. Manufacturing implies creating value by applying useful mental and / or physical labour. It is also defined as a process to shape metals, machine them and join them to produce different component parts. In the casting process, the material is given the desired shape by melting it. The molten material is poured into a cavity of the desired shape and size of the product to be produced, allowing it to solidify. The cavity is made in a suitable material held in a box called mould. After solidification, the end product is extracted from the mould. Metal Joining Process is a joining of two or more pieces together to produce the required shape and/or size of the product. Before joining, the components may be manufactured by any of the processes. Different methods are used for joining two or more parts together such as Welding, Soldering.