Saloni Gupta

Zahnkaries ist eine mikrobiologische Infektionskrankheit der Z hne, die zu einer lokalen Aufl sung und Zerst rung des kalzifizierten Gewebes f hrt. Zahnkaries ist eine bedeutende Krankheit, von der Kinder weltweit betroffen sind. Topische Fluoride k nnen eine wertvolle Ma nahme sein, um Kariesl sionen zu stoppen, denn Fluoride in verschiedenen Formen haben sich bei der Kariespr vention als wirksam erwiesen. Fluoridtherapien sind eine der am h ufigsten eingesetzten, evidenzbasierten und wirksamen Strategien zur Pr vention und Behandlung von Zahnkaries. Verschiedene Silberpr parate, darunter Silbernitrat, Diaminsilberfluorid und Zinnfluorid, wurden zur Vorbeugung oder Unterbindung offener kari ser L sionen, insbesondere im Milchgebiss, eingesetzt. Silbersalze k nnen eine ausgepr gte antimikrobielle Wirkung entfalten und werden schon seit langem in der Medizin und Zahnmedizin eingesetzt. Daher wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die kombinierte Wirkung von Silber und Fluoriden das Fortschreiten von Karies aufhalten und gleichzeitig die Entstehung neuer Karies verhindern kann.

La carie dentale una malattia microbiologica infettiva dei denti che provoca la dissoluzione e la distruzione localizzata dei tessuti calcificati. La carie dentale una malattia importante che colpisce i bambini di tutto il mondo. I fluoruri topici possono essere una valida misura per arrestare le lesioni da carie, poich i fluoruri utilizzati in varie forme si sono dimostrati efficaci nella prevenzione della carie dentale. Le terapie a base di fluoruro sono una delle strategie pi comunemente utilizzate, efficaci e basate sull'evidenza, per la prevenzione e la gestione della carie dentale. Diversi preparati a base di argento, tra cui il nitrato d'argento, il fluoruro d'argento diammino e il fluoruro stannoso, sono stati utilizzati per prevenire o arrestare le lesioni cariose aperte, in particolare nella dentizione primaria. I sali d'argento possono fornire una marcata azione antimicrobica e hanno una lunga storia di utilizzo in medicina e in odontoiatria. Pertanto, si ipotizzato che gli effetti combinati dell'argento e dei fluoruri abbiano la capacit di arrestare la progressione della carie e di prevenire contemporaneamente lo sviluppo di nuove carie.

A c rie dent ria como uma doen a microbiol gica infecciosa dos dentes que resulta na dissolu o e destrui o localizada dos tecidos calcificados. A c rie dent ria uma doen a significativa que afecta crian as em todo o mundo. Os fluoretos t picos podem ser uma medida valiosa para travar les es de c rie porque os fluoretos utilizados em v rias formas provaram ser eficazes na preven o da c rie dent ria. As terapias com fl or s o uma das estrat gias eficazes mais frequentemente utilizadas, baseadas em provas, para a preven o e gest o da c rie dent ria. V rias prepara es de prata, incluindo nitrato de prata, fluoreto de prata diamina, e fluoreto estanoso, t m sido utilizadas para prevenir ou deter les es cari ticas abertas, particularmente na denti o prim ria. Os sais de prata podem proporcionar uma ac o antimicrobiana pronunciada e t m um longo historial de utiliza o em medicina e odontologia. Assim, os efeitos combinados da prata e dos fluoretos t m sido levantadas a hip tese de terem a capacidade de travar a progress o da c rie e impedir o desenvolvimento simult neo de novas c ries.

La carie dentaire est une maladie microbiologique infectieuse des dents qui entra ne la dissolution et la destruction localis es des tissus calcifi s. Les caries dentaires sont une maladie importante qui touche les enfants du monde entier. Les fluorures topiques peuvent tre une mesure pr cieuse pour arr ter les l sions carieuses, car les fluorures utilis s sous diverses formes se sont r v l s efficaces dans la pr vention des caries dentaires. Les th rapies au fluor sont l'une des strat gies efficaces les plus couramment utilis es et fond es sur des preuves pour la pr vention et la gestion des caries dentaires. Plusieurs pr parations base d'argent, notamment le nitrate d'argent, le fluorure d'argent diamin et le fluorure stanneux, ont t utilis es pour pr venir ou arr ter les l sions carieuses ouvertes, en particulier dans la dentition primaire. Les sels d'argent peuvent avoir une action antimicrobienne prononc e et sont utilis s depuis longtemps en m decine et en dentisterie. On a donc mis l'hypoth se que les effets combin s de l'argent et des fluorures avaient la capacit d'arr ter la progression des caries et de pr venir simultan ment le d veloppement de nouvelles caries.

Apesar dos numerosos avan os, muitos perigos para a sa de ocupacional continuam a prevalecer na actual profiss o dent ria. Os perigos para a sa de no trabalho s o inevit veis em muitas profiss es. Para se ser um profissional produtivo preciso ser saud vel. As elevadas exig ncias de produ o em combina o com condi es de trabalho stressantes ir o afectar a sa de. Uma coisa deve ter-se em mente que cada tecnologia, por mais ben fica que seja, pode exercer um impacto negativo sobre alguns membros da popula o. A realidade da sa de p blica envolver sempre o equil brio entre o m ximo benef cio e o m nimo preju zo para a sa de p blica e o bem-estar. Relativamente ergonomia, muito essencial manter uma postura de trabalho adequada e que os instrumentos e mobili rio com que o dentista est a trabalhar, tenham caracter sticas de trabalho adequadas para evitar que os MSDs se desenvolvam. Os dentistas devem controlar o seu hor rio de trabalho, ritmo de trabalho, estar conscientes dos riscos profissionais e observar a sua sa de mental. Estrat gias para melhorar a sa de mental e reduzir os efeitos dos perigos ocupacionais devem ser desenvolvidas e implementadas de modo a assegurar o bem-estar dos dentistas.

Trotz zahlreicher Fortschritte gibt es auch heute noch viele arbeitsbedingte Gesundheitsgefahren im zahn rztlichen Beruf. Arbeitsbedingte Gesundheitsgefahren sind in vielen Berufen unvermeidbar. Um produktiv arbeiten zu k nnen, muss man gesund sein. Hohe Produktivit tsanforderungen in Kombination mit stressigen Arbeitsbedingungen beeintr chtigen die Gesundheit. Man sollte sich dar ber im Klaren sein, dass jede Technologie, so vorteilhaft sie auch sein mag, negative Auswirkungen auf einige Mitglieder der Bev lkerung haben kann. In der Realit t des ffentlichen Gesundheitswesens wird es immer darum gehen, einen maximalen Nutzen und einen minimalen Schaden f r die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Bev lkerung abzuw gen. Im Hinblick auf die Ergonomie ist es sehr wichtig, eine angemessene Arbeitshaltung einzunehmen und daf r zu sorgen, dass die Instrumente und M bel, mit denen der Zahnarzt arbeitet, geeignete Arbeitseigenschaften aufweisen, um die Entstehung von Muskel- und Skeletterkrankungen zu verhindern. Zahn rzte sollten ihre Arbeitszeiten und ihr Arbeitstempo kontrollieren, sich der Gefahren am Arbeitsplatz bewusst sein und auf ihre psychische Gesundheit achten. Es sollten Strategien zur Verbesserung der psychischen Gesundheit und zur Verringerung der Auswirkungen berufsbedingter Gefahren entwickelt und umgesetzt werden, um das Wohlbefinden von Zahn rzten zu sichern.

Nonostante i numerosi progressi, molti rischi per la salute sul lavoro sono ancora presenti nell'attuale professione odontoiatrica. I rischi per la salute sul lavoro sono inevitabili in molte professioni. Per essere un professionista produttivo necessario essere in salute. Le elevate esigenze produttive, combinate con condizioni di lavoro stressanti, influiscono sulla salute. Occorre tenere presente che ogni tecnologia, per quanto vantaggiosa, pu avere un impatto negativo su alcuni membri della popolazione. La realt della salute pubblica implica sempre un equilibrio tra il massimo beneficio e il minimo danno per la salute e il benessere della popolazione. Per quanto riguarda l'ergonomia, essenziale mantenere una postura di lavoro adeguata e che gli strumenti e i mobili con cui il dentista lavora abbiano caratteristiche di lavoro adeguate per prevenire lo sviluppo di DMS. I dentisti devono controllare gli orari e i ritmi di lavoro, essere consapevoli dei rischi professionali e osservare la propria salute mentale. Per garantire il benessere dei dentisti necessario sviluppare e attuare strategie per migliorare la salute mentale e ridurre gli effetti dei rischi professionali.

Malgr de nombreux progr s, de nombreux risques pour la sant au travail sont encore pr sents dans la profession dentaire actuelle. Les risques pour la sant au travail sont in vitables dans de nombreuses professions. Pour tre un professionnel productif, il faut tre en bonne sant . Des exigences lev es en mati re de productivit , associ es des conditions de travail stressantes, affectent la sant . Il faut garder l'esprit que toute technologie, aussi b n fique soit-elle, peut exercer un impact n gatif sur certains membres de la population. La r alit de la sant publique consistera toujours trouver un quilibre entre le maximum d'avantages et le minimum de dommages pour la sant et le bien- tre de la population. En ce qui concerne l'ergonomie, il est essentiel de maintenir une posture de travail ad quate et de veiller ce que les instruments et le mobilier avec lesquels le dentiste travaille pr sentent des caract ristiques de travail ad quates pour pr venir l'apparition de TMS. Les dentistes doivent contr ler leurs heures de travail, leur rythme de travail, tre conscients des risques professionnels et observer leur sant mentale. Des strat gies visant am liorer la sant mentale et r duire les effets des risques professionnels doivent tre d velopp es et mises en oeuvre afin de garantir le bien- tre des dentistes.

This book explores today’s changing intellectual climate, wherein understanding politics at different levels from global to local is considered mandatory in order to appraise the outcome of nature conservation interventions. By carefully examining two such processes – the ban on shahtoosh trade and the ‘National Afforestation Programme’ in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, the book reveals how these processes are influenced by politics at different levels – from their introduction at the macro-level to their implementation at the micro-level – and in turn become coloured by the agendas and interests of the various stakeholders involved. Throughout the book, one priority is to give a voice to the poor resource-users who have been traditionally dependent on wildlife and forest resources for mere subsistence. Yet, these same people are who bear the brunt of nature conservation costs, rather than those actors who are responsible for the most serious violationsin pursuit of greater profits. Contemporary Environmental Sociology is chiefly characterised by its focus on power relations in resource conservation and management. In ‘political ecology’ literature, too – especially after recognising the paradoxes and limitations of approaches such as ‘sustainable development’, ‘sustainable livelihoods’ and ‘community based natural resource management’ – there is a growing concern for critical analyses of multi-level politics in connection with nature conservation. The purpose of the book is not to challenge the gravity of environmental concerns, but to question the dominance of conservation interests over the subsistence needs of local communities, and to strike a balance between environmental and social justice. It argues that, unless and until more just accountability for the affected populations is ensured, conservation policies are unlikely to meet the goals of sustainable resource management. Given its critical engagement with human-nature conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir, the book offers a unique resource for students and scholars of Environmental Sociology, Political Ecology, Natural Resources Management, Conflict Studies and Human Rights Studies.

Despite numerous advancements, many occupational health hazards are still prevailing in current dental profession. Occupational health hazards are unavoidable in many professions. In order to be a productive professional one must be healthy. High productio n demands in combination with stressful working conditions will affect health. One thing should kept in mind that every technology, no matter how beneficial, can exert a negative impact on some members of the population. The reality of public health will always involve balancing maximum benefit and minimum harm to the public health and well- being. Regarding ergonomics, it is very essential to maintain an adequate work posture and that the instruments and furniture that the dentist is working with, have adequate working characteristics to prevent MSDs from developing. Dentists should control their working hours, pace of work, be aware of occupational hazards and observe their mental health. Strategies for improving mental health and reducing the effects of occupational hazards should be developed and implemented in order to secure well being of dentists.

This book explores today’s changing intellectual climate, wherein understanding politics at different levels from global to local is considered mandatory in order to appraise the outcome of nature conservation interventions. By carefully examining two such processes – the ban on shahtoosh trade and the ‘National Afforestation Programme’ in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, the book reveals how these processes are influenced by politics at different levels – from their introduction at the macro-level to their implementation at the micro-level – and in turn become coloured by the agendas and interests of the various stakeholders involved. Throughout the book, one priority is to give a voice to the poor resource-users who have been traditionally dependent on wildlife and forest resources for mere subsistence. Yet, these same people are who bear the brunt of nature conservation costs, rather than those actors who are responsible for the most serious violationsin pursuit of greater profits. Contemporary Environmental Sociology is chiefly characterised by its focus on power relations in resource conservation and management. In ‘political ecology’ literature, too – especially after recognising the paradoxes and limitations of approaches such as ‘sustainable development’, ‘sustainable livelihoods’ and ‘community based natural resource management’ – there is a growing concern for critical analyses of multi-level politics in connection with nature conservation. The purpose of the book is not to challenge the gravity of environmental concerns, but to question the dominance of conservation interests over the subsistence needs of local communities, and to strike a balance between environmental and social justice. It argues that, unless and until more just accountability for the affected populations is ensured, conservation policies are unlikely to meet the goals of sustainable resource management. Given its critical engagement with human-nature conflicts in Jammu and Kashmir, the book offers a unique resource for students and scholars of Environmental Sociology, Political Ecology, Natural Resources Management, Conflict Studies and Human Rights Studies.

A stock (or share) market deals mainly in corporate securities. The securities are chiefly in the form of equity shares and debentures. The function of the stock market is two-fold: (a) to arrange for the raising of new capital (primary market function) and (b) to provide liquidity to existing securities (secondary market function). There are 24 recognized stock exchanges in India, including the Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) for small and new companies, the old established Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) that was set up as a model exchange to provide nationwide services to investors. At the end of March 2010, 4,977 companies were listed on the BSE, which is the largest exchange in the country. The number of securities available for trading under the equities segment at NSE at the end of April 2010 was 1,872. This book provides a comprehensive account of the working of India's stock market, focusing on reforms introduced during the post-liberalization (1991 onwards) period. It traces recent trends in the secondary market and offers empirical evidence of the level of efficiency and the degree of volatility in the Indian stock market.