Sanjay Kumar Singh

This course provides an in-depth understanding of alternate automotive fuels and emission control technologies essential for achieving cleaner, more sustainable transportation systems. It focuses on the need for replacing conventional petroleum-based fuels due to their limited availability and harmful environmental impacts. Students gain knowledge of various liquid and gaseous alternative fuels such as biodiesel, vegetable oils, alcohols, LPG, CNG, hydrogen, and biogas, along with their fuel characteristics, production methods, combustion performance, and compatibility with existing SI and CI engines. The course also addresses advanced powertrain technologies like electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, fuel cell-based propulsion, and solar-powered automobiles, highlighting their operational principles, comparative benefits, and challenges. In addition, students study the formation mechanisms of major pollutants including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, smoke, and particulate matter, as well as secondary effects such as smog, environmental degradation, and health hazards. The influence of fuel type, engine operating parameters, and combustion efficiency on emission behavior is examined to promote a deeper technical perspective. The course emphasizes national and global emission regulations, particularly Bharat Stage standards, along with the technology and regulatory framework required for compliance. Key emission control systems such as catalytic converters, after-treatment devices, and fuel-specific safety and storage strategies are also discussed. Furthermore, students are introduced to standard emission measurement and monitoring techniques using instruments like NDIR analyzers, FID systems, gas chromatographs, smoke meters, and chemiluminescent analyzers to ensure accurate assessment of vehicular pollutants. Overall, this course equips future mechanical engineers with the knowledge and skills necessary to develop clean fuel technologies, improve automotive efficiency, meet environmental standards, and contribute to a greener mobility ecosystem.

The land use pattern for different crops and soil management practices influence the soil nutrients and related soil processes, such as erosion, oxidation, mineralization and leaching etc. However, practice of particular type of cropping system for many years on same piece of land leads to variation in soil fertility. The long-term inclusion of pulses in maize-wheat rotation improved the soil fertility, subsequently increased the crop nutrient acquisition and crop productivity. During the past several decades, a significant decline in soil health has been observed worldwide due to incongruous agricultural practices and land uses. This includes excessive and imbalanced inorganic chemical applications, inappropriate tillage, nutrient mining and many other anthropogenic activities. The cropping system can incorporate higher biomass as per crops, changes in soil OM, nutrient cycling, and C sequestration for soils. The cropping system diversification is necessary to get higher yield and economic gain, to maintain soil condition, optimum utilization of available resources and meet daily requirement of human.