Sudhir Kapoor

Das Aufkommen des evidenzbasierten Ansatzes f hrte zu raschen Ver nderungen im Gesundheitssystem und in der Ausbildung von Studenten und Assistenz rzten in den Gesundheitsberufen. Kliniker, die sich f r evidenzbasierte Medizin interessieren, betrachten Archie Cochrane, Alvan Feinstein und David Sackett als die "V ter" einer neuen und derzeit florierenden Bewegung der evidenzbasierten Medizin. In der Kieferorthop die legt die klinische Erfahrung nahe, dass einige Erkrankungen aus biologischen, sozialen oder praktischen Gr nden am besten fr hzeitig behandelt werden, w hrend andere aufgeschoben werden sollten.

L' mergence de l'approche fond e sur les preuves a entra n des changements rapides dans le syst me de soins de sant et dans la formation des tudiants et des r sidents des professions de sant . Les cliniciens int ress s par la m decine fond e sur les preuves consid rent Archie Cochrane, Alvan Feinstein et David Sackett comme les "p res" d'un nouveau mouvement de m decine fond e sur les preuves, actuellement en plein essor. En orthodontie, l'exp rience clinique sugg re qu'il est pr f rable de traiter certaines affections pr cocement pour des raisons biologiques, sociales ou pratiques, alors que d'autres doivent tre diff r es.

O surgimento da abordagem baseada em evid ncias resultou em r pidas mudan as no sistema de sa de e na forma o de estudantes e residentes nas profiss es da rea da sa de. Os cl nicos interessados na medicina baseada em evid ncias consideram Archie Cochrane, Alvan Feinstein e David Sackett como os "pais" de um novo e atualmente florescente movimento da medicina baseada em evid ncias. Em ortodontia, a experi ncia cl nica sugere que algumas condi es s o melhor tratadas precocemente por raz es biol gicas, sociais ou pr ticas, enquanto outras devem ser adiadas.

L'emergere dell'approccio basato sull'evidenza ha comportato rapidi cambiamenti nel sistema sanitario e nella formazione di studenti e specializzandi nelle professioni sanitarie. I clinici interessati alla medicina basata sull'evidenza considerano Archie Cochrane, Alvan Feinstein e David Sackett come i "padri" di un nuovo e attualmente fiorente movimento di medicina basata sull'evidenza. In ortodonzia, l'esperienza clinica suggerisce che alcune condizioni sono meglio trattate precocemente per ragioni biologiche, sociali o pratiche, mentre altre dovrebbero essere rimandate.

Au cours de la m canique de glissement, une force de friction est produite au niveau de l'unit bracket, archwire et ligature (BAL) qui tend contrarier le mouvement dentaire souhait . Comme l'efficacit du traitement par appareils fixes d pend de la fraction de la force fournie par rapport la force appliqu e, les forces de friction lev es dues l'interaction entre le bracket et l'arc de guidage affectent les r sultats et la dur e du traitement. En contr lant la r sistance de friction aux interfaces des BAL, des niveaux de force plus faibles peuvent tre appliqu s pendant le traitement orthodontique afin d'obtenir une r ponse biologique optimale pour un mouvement dentaire efficace.I AMLa friction dans le traitement orthodontique existe et on pense qu'elle r duit l'efficacit des appareils orthodontiques pendant la m canique de glissement. Au cours de la m canique de glissement, une force de friction est produite l'interface entre le bracket, l'arc et la ligature, ce qui tend contrecarrer la force appliqu e et r siste au mouvement souhait . Par cons quent, lorsqu'il planifie le d placement d'une dent orthodontique, le clinicien doit choisir la combinaison appropri e de bracket, d'arc et de m thode de ligature (unit BAL) pour r duire la friction et augmenter l'efficacit de l'appareil.

Durante la meccanica di scorrimento, in corrispondenza dell'unit bracket, arcata e legatura (BAL) si produce una forza di attrito che tende a contrastare il movimento dentale desiderato. Poich l'efficienza della terapia con apparecchio fisso dipende dalla frazione di forza erogata rispetto alla forza applicata, elevate forze di attrito dovute all'interazione tra il bracket e l'arcotrave di guida influiscono sui risultati e sulla durata del trattamento. Controllando la resistenza di attrito alle interfacce del BAL, possibile applicare livelli di forza inferiori durante il trattamento ortodontico per ottenere una risposta biologica ottimale per un movimento efficace dei denti.I AML'attrito nel trattamento ortodontico esiste e si ritiene che riduca l'efficienza degli apparecchi ortodontici durante la meccanica di scorrimento. Durante la meccanica di scorrimento, all'interfaccia bracket-filo-legatura si produce una forza di attrito che tende a contrastare la forza applicata e, a sua volta, resiste al movimento desiderato. Pertanto, quando si pianifica il movimento ortodontico dei denti, il clinico deve selezionare la combinazione corretta di bracket, arcifilo e legatura (BAL Unit) per ridurre l'attrito e aumentare l'efficienza dell'apparecchio.

Durante a mec nica de deslizamento, produzida uma for a de fric o no braquete, fio de arco e unidade de ligadura (BAL) que tende a contrastar o movimento dent rio desejado. Como a efici ncia da terapia com aparelho fixo depende da frac o de for a fornecida em rela o for a aplicada, for as de fric o elevadas devido interac o entre o braquete e o fio guia afectam os resultados e a dura o do tratamento. Ao controlar a resist ncia ao atrito nas interfaces BAL, podem ser aplicados n veis de for a mais baixos durante o tratamento ortod ntico para obter uma resposta biol gica ptima para uma movimenta o dent ria eficaz.I AMFric o no tratamento ortod ntico existe e pensa-se que reduz a efici ncia dos aparelhos ortod nticos durante a mec nica de deslizamento. Durante a mec nica de deslizamento, produzida uma for a de fric o na interface braquetes-arco-arco-ligatura que tende a neutralizar a for a aplicada e, por sua vez, resiste ao movimento desejado. Portanto, ao planear o movimento dent rio ortod ntico, o cl nico deve seleccionar a combina o adequada de braquete, fio de arco e ligadura (Unidade BAL) para reduzir o atrito e aumentar a efici ncia do aparelho.

Bei der Gleitmechanik entsteht an der Einheit aus Bracket, Bogen und Ligatur (BAL) eine Reibungskraft, die der gew nschten Zahnbewegung entgegenwirkt. Da die Effizienz der Therapie mit festsitzenden Apparaturen vom Verh ltnis zwischen der abgegebenen und der aufgebrachten Kraft abh ngt, beeintr chtigen hohe Reibungskr fte aufgrund der Interaktion zwischen dem Bracket und dem F hrungsbogen das Behandlungsergebnis und die Behandlungsdauer. Durch die Kontrolle des Reibungswiderstands an den BAL-Grenzfl chen k nnen w hrend der kieferorthop dischen Behandlung geringere Kr fte aufgebracht werden, um eine optimale biologische Reaktion f r eine effektive Zahnbewegung zu erzielen.I AMReibung in der kieferorthop dischen Behandlung gibt es tats chlich, und es wird angenommen, dass sie die Effizienz kieferorthop discher Apparaturen w hrend der Gleitmechanik verringert. W hrend der Gleitmechanik entsteht an der Schnittstelle zwischen Bracket, Draht und Ligatur eine Reibungskraft, die der ausge bten Kraft entgegenwirkt und somit die gew nschte Bewegung verhindert. Daher sollte der Zahnarzt bei der Planung einer kieferorthop dischen Zahnbewegung die richtige Kombination aus Bracket, Drahtbogen und Ligatur (BAL Unit) w hlen, um die Reibung zu verringern und die Effizienz der Apparatur zu erh hen.

During sliding mechanics, a frictional force is produced at the bracket, archwire and ligation (BAL) unit that tends to contrast the desired tooth movement. Because the efficiency of fixed appliance therapy depends on the fraction of force delivered with respect to the force applied, high frictional forces due to the interaction between the bracket and the guiding archwire affect treatment outcomes and duration. By controlling frictional resistance at the BAL interfaces, lower levels of force can be applied during orthodontic treatment to obtain an optimal biological response for effective tooth movement.I AMFriction in orthodontic treatment does exist and is thought to reduce the efficiency of orthodontic appliances during sliding mechanics. During sliding mechanics, a friction force is produced at the bracket-archwire-ligature interface which tends to counteract the applied force and in turn resists the desired movement. Therefore, when planning for orthodontic tooth movement, clinician should select the proper combination of bracket, archwire and ligation (BAL Unit) method to reduce the friction and increase the efficiency of the appliance.

The Skeletal Anchoring System is a bone-borne temporary anchorage system made up of titanium anchor screws and plates. This device is intended to be used as an anchor in orthodontic operations such tooth intrusion and extrusion, space closure, distal and mesial movement, and 3D control of teeth. The use of devices for skeletal anchorage has gained popularity since they are simple to insert, come in a variety of sizes to enable their application in diverse locations, and provide secure anchorage for the application of orthodontic forces. Consequently, the information in this book describes Skeletal Anchoring System.

The smile is one of the most important facial expressions and is essential in expressing friendliness, agreement, and appreciation. Smile is more than a form of communication; it is kind of socialization and attraction. An increasing awareness regarding beauty and physical appearance has become a motivation for every clinician to evaluate the important aspects of patient's smile and link the dynamic relationship between the teeth, gingiva, and lips together when smiling. Excessive gingival display, or what is known as Gummy Smile, is a clinical condition which has attracting a great attention and focus recently. Having knowledge and background about the cause and the treatment of each case of excessive gingival display is essential for making the accurate diagnosis and performing the correct procedure. This book highlights the various causes of excessive gingival display, manifestations of this condition, and some of the important treatment options for Gummy Smile.