Ying Liu

This book features five peer-reviewed reviews on controlled environment agriculture.The first chapter summarises rapid improvements in the technology used for plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs), including developments in automation, lighting, climate control, sensors and algorithms.The second chapter briefly discusses the sustainability of indoor vertical farms (IVF) and details best practices for conducting an environmental sustainability assessment of IVFs using the life cycle assessment methodology.The third chapter reviews the advent of soilless culture systems (SCSs) and their role in supporting the transition to a more sustainable agriculture. The chapter considers the range and variety of horticultural crops which can be grown in SCSs.The fourth chapter details recent advances in screenhouse design for protected cultivation and describes the common types of structures and materials used by growers. The chapter also addresses whether increasing water-use efficiency in screenhouses is possible.The final chapter provides an overview of the ornamentals industry and the technological advances improving its efficiency and sustainability, such as the implementation of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems to manipulate plant growth and development.

This is the first book to focus specifically on antenna RCS reduction theory and design approaches. It covers both principles and engineering practice, and provides an in-depth study of a number of important topics, including fundamental theory, antenna and array analysis models, the rapid numerical computation method, and various low-RCS antenna design methods. The comprehensive and systematic discussion of practical issues in antenna RCS reduction makes it an ideal resource for readers interested in practical solutions to antenna stealth, particularly researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of microwave engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, and telecommunications engineering.

Exhaustivity, Contrastivity, and the Semantics of Mandarin Cleft-related Structures investigates the semantics of the cleft and cleft-related structures in Mandarin, which, over several decades, have presented analytical challenges for semantic theory. The goal of this book, in broad terms, is three-fold: (i) to figure out what clefting adds to the semantics of a sentence; (ii) to set apart the meaning and the discourse function of each type of cleft-related structure; and (iii) to provide a uniform analysis of Mandarin clefts and their related structures. More specifically, it addresses the following questions: (i) what is the semantics of Mandarin clefts? (ii) what do exhaustivity and contrastivity contribute to the meaning of clefts? (iii) what are the semantic (or pragmatic) factors that determine the variation of clefts, related structures, and canonical sentences? and (iv) cross-linguistically speaking, how do Mandarin shi...de cleft and its related structures differ from similar constructions such as English it-cleft, French c’est cleft, and German es-cleft?This book will be informative for linguists who are working on cleft constructions and focus on sensitive structures cross-linguistically, and those interested in experimental semantics and pragmatics.

Exhaustivity, Contrastivity, and the Semantics of Mandarin Cleft-related Structures investigates the semantics of the cleft and cleft-related structures in Mandarin, which, over several decades, have presented analytical challenges for semantic theory. The goal of this book, in broad terms, is three-fold: (i) to figure out what clefting adds to the semantics of a sentence; (ii) to set apart the meaning and the discourse function of each type of cleft-related structure; and (iii) to provide a uniform analysis of Mandarin clefts and their related structures. More specifically, it addresses the following questions: (i) what is the semantics of Mandarin clefts? (ii) what do exhaustivity and contrastivity contribute to the meaning of clefts? (iii) what are the semantic (or pragmatic) factors that determine the variation of clefts, related structures, and canonical sentences? and (iv) cross-linguistically speaking, how do Mandarin shi...de cleft and its related structures differ from similar constructions such as English it-cleft, French c’est cleft, and German es-cleft?This book will be informative for linguists who are working on cleft constructions and focus on sensitive structures cross-linguistically, and those interested in experimental semantics and pragmatics.

This book, to reflect the system’s diverse, relevant characteristics, uses three different mathematical tools, namely probability theory, fuzzy theory and random fuzzy theory, to model and analyze the reliability of each system. Reliability system engineering is an interdisciplinary area that chiefly focuses on the lifecycle characteristics of products and involves many fields of basic mathematics, technical science and management science. In recent years, there have been many books on reliability theory, but comparatively few on the reliability of mathematical models, or the reliability of mathematical models based on single probability theory or fuzzy theory. The findings presented here will not only enrich and expand traditional reliability theory, but also promote the development of related disciplines, lending the book considerable theoretical significance.

This book, to reflect the system’s diverse, relevant characteristics, uses three different mathematical tools, namely probability theory, fuzzy theory and random fuzzy theory, to model and analyze the reliability of each system. Reliability system engineering is an interdisciplinary area that chiefly focuses on the lifecycle characteristics of products and involves many fields of basic mathematics, technical science and management science. In recent years, there have been many books on reliability theory, but comparatively few on the reliability of mathematical models, or the reliability of mathematical models based on single probability theory or fuzzy theory. The findings presented here will not only enrich and expand traditional reliability theory, but also promote the development of related disciplines, lending the book considerable theoretical significance.

This book analyzes of the surplus of production capacity in China. According to a government statement, there is a serious surplus of productive capacity in the steel, cement, glass, aluminum, and shipbuilding industries. There was no surplus of productive capacity in above industries between 2002 and 2012, and the current surplus is due to poor government policies on real estate prices after 2012. The book argues that if the Chinese government invested more in social welfare housing over the next few years the surplus of productive capacity would very soon disappear.

This book analyzes of the surplus of production capacity in China. According to a government statement, there is a serious surplus of productive capacity in the steel, cement, glass, aluminum, and shipbuilding industries. There was no surplus of productive capacity in above industries between 2002 and 2012, and the current surplus is due to poor government policies on real estate prices after 2012. The book argues that if the Chinese government invested more in social welfare housing over the next few years the surplus of productive capacity would very soon disappear.

Revision with unchanged content. In recent years, increasing market competitiveness and rising educational costs have underscored the importance of external revenues in higher education finance in the United States. Even as the higher education costs continue to exceed the rate of inflation, public funding from both state and federal sources is steadily declining. As traditional funding sources become less reliable, American colleges and universities seek to pursue alternative revenues such as private donations. Using panel data of public colleges and universities from 1994-2003, this study investigated how institutional characteristics and environmental factors influence overall private giving and its varying sources to public colleges and universities. It addressed two major research questions: Which institutional, state policy and governance, and socioeconomic factors are most closely associated with the generation of private giving to public postsecon-dary institutions? How do these factors differently influence private giving from four sources- alumni/ae, non-alumni/ae individuals, corpo-rations, and foundations?

Sprache, Verstehen und Ubertragung werden in der Arbeit im hermeneutischen Zusammenhang untersucht. Im ersten Teil werden sie historisch und theoretisch erortert. Die Sprache wird als Ausgangspunkt im Hinblick auf ihren Ursprung und ihr Verhaltnis zur Natur und zum Menschen betrachtet. Das Verstehen wird vor allem in bezug auf die Sprache berucksichtigt. Es ist von der Sprache bedingt, und in ihm zeigt sich eine dialogische Wechselwirkung. Davon ausgehend wird die Ubertragung als ein besonderer Fall des Verstehens angesehen. Im zweiten Teil werden die philosophische Ubertragung und ihre Begrenzung berucksichtigt. Um dem Thema im Konkreten nachzugehen, werden die chinesische Ubersetzung und Interpretation der Philosophie Kants als ein Beispiel angefuhrt."