Sami a. Al-Mudhaffar Dr

The developed protocol for the assay of hPRL is suitable for the assessment of PRL in tissues of patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors.A higher incidence of prolactin was obtained in malignant than in benign serous ovarian tumors in tissues and sera.The kinetic studies of 125I-anti hPRL antibody with hPRL in premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors showed that the binding reaction is a temperature and time dependent process. The results indicate that the reaction fits pseude-first order kinetic.The results obtained from the thermodynamics studies on the association of 125I-anti hPRL antibody with hPRL in benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors were spontaneously occurred and the binding reactions were entropically driven.The spectroscopic studies revealed that each of (125I-anti hPRL antibody/PRL) complex and 125I-anti hPRL antibody has a characteristic spectrum.

In the present study, mutans streptococci were isolated from saliva and dental plaque of twenty one dental students, in order to study the relation between the number of these bacteria and caries experience. Clinical examination was performed in the dental clinic. Dental plaque was measured using plaque index. Plaque samples were removed from the buccal surfaces of lower first and second permanent molars, while stimulated salivary samples were collected under standardized condition. Plaque and salivary samples were analyzed following different microbiological and biochemical tests for identification of bacteria according to biotypes. Results showed that all subjects were affected by dental caries.A positive and highly significant correlation was recorded between plaque index and DMFS index. An inverse and strong correlation was recorded between plaque thickness and both salivary parameters (pH and flow rate). At the same time a negative and highly significant correlation coefficient were reported between DMFS and both salivary pH and flow rate. In this study, three biotypes of mutans streptococci were identified from both plaque and salivary samples, including biotype I, IV andV. A strong positive correlation was seen between dental plaque and counts of bacteria in both salivary and plaque samples. In relation to dental caries a positive and statistically highly significant correlation was seen between counts of bacteria and initial caries lesions while it was statistically not significant for frank cavitations .The activity of GTF purified from biotype I and IV of mutans streotococci was investigated in relation to dental caries. The activity of this enzyme was assessed by measuring the total carbohydrate and glucose. Results showed a positive and highly significant correlation between DMFS and enzyme activity of both biotypes (I and IV) of bacteria isolated from salivary and dental plaque. A statistical highly significant and significant positive correlation was seen between glucosyltransferase activity of biotype I and D1, D2 and D3 for plaque and salivary samples, while for biotype IV a highly significant and significant correlation was seen between the enzyme activity and D1 only in both saliva and plaque samples respectively. Purification of glucosyltransferase was carried out by three steps; started with ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by gel filtration chromatography using Sepharose - CL 6B, and ended with ion exchange chromatography using CM -Sepharose CL-6B. The purity of glucosyltransferase was assessed by using a conventional polyacrylamide electrophoresis and a single band was recorded. Molecular weight and iso electric point for this enzyme, for both biotypes of bacteria were recorded and results were found to be 158000 Dalton, with PI = 6.9 for biotypeI, and 140000 Dalton with PI = 4.9 for biotype IV.The ability of glucosyltransferase to stimulate the immune system was tested in this study, as an attempt to use it as a vaccine in future. Two routes of immunization were applied, the first was subcutaneous injection of the antigen (glucosyltransferase) in the back of the rabbits, while in the second route, a local injection of antigen was given near the salivary glands in both sides. A double immuno diffusion test for detection of immune response was used for saliva and serum samples taken from immunized rabbits. A positive response was observed for both samples, and when serial dilutions of glucosyltransferase were used against serum and saliva, serum gave an immune response in 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 dilutions, while saliva gave a response only with 1/2, and 1/4 dilutions.

This book deals with the result obtained on serum PSA level that was measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in Two groups of malignant and one group of benign breaast tumors . Results obtained indicated a higher incidence of some PSA in benighn than those in the malignant breast tumors .The method of immunoradiometric assay for characterization PSA and isolated PSA was developed using 125 I-anti total PSA antibody and found to be suitable for the measurment of PSA.

Serum LH level was measured in three groups of individuals, by Immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). Group one consisted of (8) premenopausal women suffering from benign serous ovarian tumor. Group two consisted of (4) premenopausal women suffering from malignant serous ovarian tumor. Group three consisted of (10) control premenopausal women. The presence of LH was investigated in two groups of benign serous ovarian tumors and one group of malignant serous ovarian tumors. The results obtained indicate a higher incidence of LH in the malignant tumors than in the benign tumors.The characteristics of the binding of 125I-anti LH antibody with LH in pre-and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors homogenate were investigated. Different factors affecting this binding was extensively studied such as, pH, time, temperature, salts, the concentration of 125I-anti LH antibody and the concentration of LH. The time-course of 125I-anti LH antibody with LH in pre-and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors homogenate was studied at five different temperatures. The obtained data have obeyed pseudo-first order Kinetics for the association of 125I-anti LH antibody with LH. The kinetic parameters K+1, K-1, Ka, and Kd of the binding of 125I-anti LH antibody with LH in pre-and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors were determined at five different temperatures. The thermodynamic of the 125I-anti LH antibody binding with LH in pre-and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors was studied by using Van't Hoff and Arrhenius equations. From these equations the thermodynamic parameters of the standard state ( ) and the transition state ( and also Ea) were determined. The (125I-anti LH antibody/LH) complex was isolated from the unbound 125I-anti LH antibody by gel filtration technique in pre-and postmenopausal patients with benign and malignant serous ovarian tumors. The absorption spectra of the isolated complex and the unbound 125I-anti LH antibody were studied. Spectroscopic studies in the U.V region were carried out on the unbound 125I-anti LH antibody and (125I-anti LH antibody/LH) complex in premenopausal patients with malignant serous ovarian tumors. The effect of pH and polarity on the spectra and observation of the thermal stability of (125I-anti LH antibody/LH) complex were studied.Immunoradiomatric assay technique was used to measure the level of serum tumor markers CA125 and CEA in 30 healthy women, 24 patients with benign ovarian tumors and 34 patients with malignant ovarian tumors. Upon comparison of the results, the CA125 level was found above normal (35u.ml-1) in 80% of patients with ovarian cancer, while CEA level was elevated in 44% of patients with ovarian cancer (more than 3.0 u.ml-1). Among the pre-menopausal women, the values of CA125 and CEA in sera of patients with malignant ovarian tumors were found to be significantly higher (P

Molecular diagnostics are used to identify infectious diseases .Securing the different types of health services, preventive, curative and rehabilitation of the basic necessities of the individual and society is part of the economic and social development, the Ministry of Health before the embargo the country and the terms of reference of modern medical equipment and refurbished medical equipment, such that the health services in the country in all its aspects to the stage of qualitative and quantitative development admittedly many of the specialized agencies and international experts. That the imposition of the embargo has negatively impacted on the level of health services and spare the necessary medical supplies such as vaccines, medicines and laboratory solutions. In spite of that medicines and medical supplies but not prohibited under UN resolutions, but that the need for medicines and medical supplies that have increased due to the deteriorating state of health, environmental and food, which led to the emergence of many diseases, and chronic diseases and malnutrition. For example, Iraq was clean and free of cholera; the disease returned and appeared again significantly in 1991. The scarcity of essential drugs and lack of availability of the required quantities led to the deterioration of the situation of citizens suffering from chronic diseases such as sugar and heart disease, hypertension, epilepsy, kidney failure and cancer diseases.The laboratory tests were not no better than drugs, because the lack of laboratory materials and equipment used to conduct those tests and lack of maintenance and sustaining them available because of the acute shortage of spare parts and failing to be delivered to Iraq as well as the lack of diagnostic kits necessary to conduct examinations and laboratory tests, all that reflected negatively on the number of tests performed annually following table shows the percentage decline in the monthly Madal to prepare laboratory tests compared to 1989. Impediments to the implementation of the diagnostic kits (negatives)-The lack of some raw materials necessary for the completion of diagnostic kits, including: -Chemicals.-Other essentials.-Hardware.-Difficulties in meeting the needs of the researcher: -Chemicals.-Services in the local market.-Continuing attempts to obtain materials and devices from other outlets outside the country led to: -The survival of the need for quite a few of the resources vernacular.-The cost of scientific resources, stationery and print the necessary reports to parents of high.-The difficulty in obtaining journals and literature of modern world.-The area of examination and evaluation-Assigning one for the purpose of examination and evaluation. -Not possible to give a certificate of inspection for some diagnostic kits for the following reasons the amount of material sent for testing are limited, instabilities of some materials, lack of some modern techniques and equipment. -Unable to implement a number of these numbers.-A steady increase in prices of materials and equipment and the cost of sustaining an impact on services: -Estimates of the prices offered by the researchers.-A number of research and is now paragraph of materials and devices is the amount greater than what they have as much time of signing the contract.-Lack of standard materials and solutions for a number of diagnostic as reference material for the purpose of comparison scanned materials and productive and the lack of number of standard delay in conducting the tests or they can not be implemented with the references.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the onco-fetal proteins, is a cell surface glycoprotein, with a high molecular mass of 150-300 kDa. It is normally expressed in the early embryonic development and tends to disappear with the onset of differentiation of fetal tissue into adult ones. CEA has been studied extensively in ovarian cancer and has been reported to be elevated in 30-65% of epithelial tumors, mainly in patients with advanced stage disease. This antigen has been shown not to correlate well with status of disease.

This book This book deals with the different types of technology and development in Iraq and the world. It deals with the updated concepts, such as key issues and challenges facing technology and sector such as strategy adopted leading indicators and achievement, supervision, training and, planning and administration. It also looks at the technology that deals with frontier sciences and scientific research.The book exposes the traditional functions of technology, such as; transfer of heritage. The inventory of the goals of technology in strengthening the economic feasibility as political systems is well covered by the book. This technology, includes important issues that affect a large segment of people, with view to identify the reality of this type of technology, and then to develop a future vision for its advancement. This book shows how technology plays its natural role in developmental events in Iraq and make technology more sophisticated and in response to changes at the international, regional and local levels, as well as the possible extent, to be compatible with international standards. The book is trying to monitor changes in an attempt to get Iraqi model, relates to perceptions of about new concepts of technology of global, local and regional and refers to the achievements that took place. The book also focuses on strategies for technology of different types, which have impact on the role of in preparing Iraqi rights to live in post-modernism or knowledge society, also represents a strategic vision for improving basis of challenges .

Markers produced by cancers include enzymes and isoenzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrate epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies, receptors, and oncogene products.Enzymes were of the first groups of tumor markers identified. Their elevated activities were used to indicate the presence of cancer.Hormones as tumor markers were used for the detection and monitoring of cancer.Oncofetal antigens were discovered using conventional antisera produced against fluids from cancer - bearing animals or extracts of cancer tissues . The development of monoclonal antibody techniques allowed more sensitive and specific measurements of tumor antigens. More importantly, new antigens were discovered by developing monoclonal antibodies against tumor cell preparations. They appear to have better clinical sensitivity and specificity than do the oncofetal antigens .

Method was developed for the purification of hCG receptor from detergent soluble membranes extracts of epithelial ovarian cancer by gel filtration chromatography using Sepharose CL-6B column (1.5 x 87cm) and affinity chromatography using hCG-Sepharose affinity column (2 x 8cm) .The purification fold was 8,538 fold. Physicochemical properties of purified hCG receptor were investigated and theresults showed that the Mw 204 KD and the stock's radius 540A under non reducing conditions, while the reducing conditions showed three protein component with Mw 80, 350 D, 53,703D, 42,657D respectively, PI 6.4, carbohydrate content 8%.Binding studies demonstrated that the purified hCG receptor retained all the specific binding characterized expected for the hCG receptor. Association kinetic indicated the pseudo first order kinetic of the binding of 125I-hCG to hCG-R, while the kinetic of dissociation was biphasic and characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a much slower rate of dissociation. The Hill-plot data (n-1) indicated that there was no cooperation between the hCG -R binding sites.4-The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was investigated in the sera and tissues of patients with ovarian and uterine tumors. The results revealed a slightly elevation of levels of CEA above the reference value (5ng/ml) in the sear of 33% of patients with endometrial cancer and in 43% of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. CEA immunoreactivities were significantly higher in malignant ovarian homogenates than in corresponding sera samples while not significantly elevated in malignant uterine tissues.5-Serum LDH, total ALP, and HSAP activity were measured in ovarian and uterine tumors. The LDH activity was higher in patients with epithelial ovarian and endometrial cancers than those of healthy individuals but not statistical significant. The electrophoresis analysis of LDH isoenzymes showed extra band for serum of epithelial ovarian cancer. Total AIP and HSAP activity in the sera of cancer patients were significantly higher than in normal individuals.

This Book Deals with Determination of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) levels in sera of patients with benign and malignant breast tumors, Development of IRMA assay for the determination of CA15-3 and CA19-9 from cytosolic tissues of benign and malignant breast tumors, Characterization of the binding of 125I-anti CA15-3 antibody with isolated human - CA15-3 in benign and malignant breast tumors, such as those of binding capacity and the effect of various factors (pH, temperature, time, halides, salts, CA15-3 and its antibody concentration), Determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the binding of partially purified CA15-3 with its specific antibody and Spectroscopic studies on (125I-anti CA15-3 antibody / CA15-3) complex in breast tissue . Further more the level of sera CA 15-3 in patients with benign and malignant breast tumors (preoperative) was measured by Immunoradiometric Assay (IRMA). Data analysis showed, concentrations of CA 15-3 were significantly higher in pre-and post-menopausal malignant breast tumors (P

Immunoradiomatric assay technique was used to measure the level of serum tumor markers CA125 and CEA in 30 healthy women, 24 patients with benign ovarian tumors and 34 patients with malignant ovarian tumors. Upon comparison of the results, the CA125 level was found above normal (35u.ml-1) in 80% of patients with ovarian cancer, while CEA level was elevated in 44% of patients with ovarian cancer (more than 3.0 u.ml-1). Among the pre-menopausal women, the values of CA125 and CEA in sera of patients with malignant ovarian tumors were found to be significantly higher (P

This book deals with various articles on Higher Education such as the higher education is an educational model that reflects the social and economic context of the society, and an advanced stage of education that provides the requested imagination with new vision. This type of education is the featuring of the non-integrated image, due to the multiple economical and social variables that occurs in the developments of global communities. The philosophy and goals of higher education are usually derived from the nation's heritage, the nature of governance, and the economic and social system that prevails. The targets of higher education vary according to the political philosophy, and they are managed by the specified country. For example the educational system in the United States of America is characterized by the spirit of hegemony, whereas, the educational system of Japan is characterized by preparing the citizen by both science and technology.

Modern universities in Iraq were established in the second half of the last century, beginning with the University of Baghdad in 1957 uniting several constituent colleges in the process, during the 1960's five more universities were established: The University of Technology and Al-Mustansriya University in Baghdad as well as universities in Basrah, Mousal, and Sulaymania.During the last 25 years, the policy of establishing a university in each governorate responded to both the demands of equity to both the growing demands of higher education.Thus, there is wide range in the size of universities as well as a lack of geographic equity, in their distribution across the country. Rehabilitation of universities, colleges, according to international levels is required.